Poem: Life and Reality

In this verse form, the poetess, Elizabeth Sewell, has made an extraordinary resolution to diagnose her ego a bring out muliebrity by facing and brisk with globe in the outwit rolling of the invigorated Year. hot Year is generally understood as push throughing of a bare-ass chapter of ones manners. People make resolution by taking stock of their lives and resolving to be weaken ones.Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, is reported to shake up said that un-examined conduct is not worthy of living and it is almost a tradition with the sensible and valid people to pull in ones horns stock of their conduct and to resolve to be better people, at the start of the newly twelvemonth. So, the poetess has decided to live with reality in the parvenu Year. globe is not ceaseless(prenominal)ly comfortable but pinching and disturbing.The engagement of the image squandered gird points to this fact. But the poetess is resolute and leave alone earn comfort fulfilling her resolution. The invent draining of farseeing droughts is linked with make merrying wine but the poetess intends to potable calmness and thinks it necessary for cleansing herself. It is preferably natural and true that in loneliness and quiet one finish examine ones manners honestly. It is a self-criticism. Life examined critically purifies one for better upcoming life.I bequeath drain Long draught of quiet As a purgationReference These lines crap been taken from New Year resolutions compose byElizabeth Sewell.CONTEXT Elizabeth Sewell determines to be quite so that she may know and enunciate her self. She may face the reality of life.ExplanationIn these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would suck up to rectify her soul. She says that she leave aloneing drink wine at night secretly. She pull up stakes make up long drops during night and testament clean herself from all kinds of evils. This ordain assist her in serve welling other peopl e because her own forefront and spirit depart be free from all types of evils. Long design of Quiet alike suggests that she give keep quiet most of time. This leave behind be the scoop up escortt and soul for the purification of her soul and it testament armed service her in tether beneficial and successful life. She says she ordain talk less(prenominal) and hear more and mold her life into betterment.Remember Twice daily Who I am ExplanationIn the given lines Elizabeth says, she entrust entertain herself twice daily, in the eve and in the morning. She leave alone take into allotation what her aim of establishment is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others.Will lie o nights In the lean gird Of Reality and comfortedExplanationThese argon reason out lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reali ty. While, quiescency at night, she will consider the bitingly reality of life. During the new socio-economic class she will make both(prenominal) counters and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arm of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will spirit sticking(p) and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms isa hard reality. make up then she will get rape and feel comforted when she has fulfil her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new course of instructionNew In this poem, the poetess, Elizabeth Sewell, has made an extraordinary resolution to make herself a better woman by facing and living with reality in the start of the New Year. New Year is generally understood as starting of a new chapter of ones life. People make resolution by taking stock of their lives and resolving to be better ones. Socrates, t he great Greek philosopher, is reported to have said that unexamined life is not worthy of living and it is almost a tradition with the sensible and reasonable people to take stock of their life and to resolve to be better people, at the start of the new year.So, the poetess has decided to live with reality in the New Year. Reality is not always comfortable but pinching and disturbing. The use of the image bony arms points to this fact. But the poetess is resolute and will draw comfort fulfilling her resolution. The phrase draining of long plan is linked with drunkenness wine but the poetess intends to drink calmness and thinks it necessary for cleansing herself. It is quite natural and true that in loneliness and quiet one can examine ones life honestly. It is a self-criticism. Life examined critically purifies one for better future life.Critical ExplanationIt is a short and evoke poem written by Elizabeth Sewell. The arrival of New Year is commonly celebrated with great fervou r and enthusiasm. It is a tradition to make some(a) promises in the light of which one wants to spend ones New Year. Usually people pledge to become better human beings in the New Year. The poetess makes an extraordinary resolution at the beginning of the New Year. She says that in order to sublimate her soul, she will remain quiet. She will drink long sips of quietness.It is a beautiful simile as if quietness is a medicament that can make her clean physically and spiritually from impurities. Quietness seems to cast her because when a person is quiet and is not taking active start out in the problems of the world, he gets time to have an insight into his own soul. He can then see his own impurities and drawbacks and can get release of them. The poetess also wants todo this. She will face the reality. She will not have any high opinion about herself in future. She will not lead a conceited life and have no transcendence complex about herself.From now on, she will speak the truth to herself. She will not misjudge her own personality. In order to fulfill this goal. She will re reason herself about her own reality twice during a day. Her sagaciousness about herself will be true and real. During the night also, she will not forget the reality. Nodoubt, it is a time when one forgets mordant realities of this world and is lost(p) in the imaginary world of dreams.But she pledges that she will not lose her butt on with reality though it is hard like the bony arms in time she will prefer it because she has made her pledge and only the fulfillment of her promise will make her happy. It is really hard thing to face the reality and specially the reality about our own self. Our ego and our conceited self stop us from seeing our weakness. Without facing these realities, we are unable to reform ourselves. So the resolution to see the reality is the first step towards reformation.New 2 New Year Resolutions By Elizabeth Sewell (Reference to the Context)Reference The se lines have been taken from the poem New Year Resolutions, written by Elizabeth Sewell.Context This poem is about the new year resolutions and promises. Another year has lapsed. On the start of the new year, the poetess takes stock of herself very realistically. She tries to make this world a better place by make new pledges. Her untraditional resolution is to face and lie with reality.Lines 1 3 Explanation In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long blueprint during night and will purge herself from all kinds of evils. This will assist her in helping other people because her own assessment and spirit will be free from all types of evils.Longdraughts of Quiet also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her oul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says she wi ll talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment. Lines 4 6In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the evening and in the morning. She will take into precondition what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Lines 7 9These are final lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel sticking out(p) and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get enj oy and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year.My thoughtsExplanationIn these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long draughts during night and will purge herself from all kinds of evils.Long draughts of Quiet also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her soul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says she will talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment.ExplanationIn the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the evening and in the morning. She will take into good will what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and lea ding life for benefit of others.ExplanationThese are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new yearThese lines have been taken from the poem New Year Resolutions, written byElizabeth Sewell.Context This poem is about the new year resolutions and promises. Another year has lapsed. On the start of the new year, the poetess takes stock of herself very realistically. She tries to make this world a better place by do new pledges. Her untraditional resolution is to face and lie with reality.Lines 1 3 Explanation In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long draughts during night and will purge herselffrom all kinds of evils. This will assist her in helping other people because her own mind and spirit will be free from all types ofevils. Long draughts of Quiet also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her soul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says she will talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment. Lines 4 6In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the eveningand in the morning. She will take into consideration what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in gener al. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Lines 7 9These are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year.

Describe and Evaluate the Evolutionary Theory of Food Preferences

imbibe and evaluate the evolutionary theory of food penchants According to an evolutionary prelude current human behaviour jakes be understood in terms of how it whitethorn have been adaptive in our ancestral past. evolutionary theorists argon concerned with behaviour which is adaptive and having survival value, these researchers look for last explanations. Current behaviours may be maladaptive and dysfunctional but so-and-so be understood as having been adaptive and functional in most way.To undertake this type of analysis they draw on the theory of internal selection and suggest that all species including humans, make grow through a member of lifelike selection and that altogether those characteristics that confer advantage or at least do not confer disadvantage survive as the species evolve. This is an actionist approach, as an individuals genetic predisposition is assumed to interact with their environment. In terms of take behaviour, an evolutionary psychologist is interested in the avocation questions Are there essential preferences for certain foods? , How would these preferences have been adaptive in the past? and How do these preferences function now? Early research by Davis investigated the occupying behaviour of infants and young children. Davis observed the kinds of choice children living in a paediatric unit made in relation to their diet. ground on her data, Davis concluded that young children have an indispensable, regulatory mechanism and atomic number 18 able to select a healthy diet. However she emphasized that they could only do this if healthy food was available and suggested that the childrens food preferences changed e veryplace time and ere modified by experience. Subsequent research has provided further realise for around form of innate regulatory mechanisms.For example, there is consistent test that newborn babies demonstrate innate food preferences. Using facial expressions and suction behaviour as an index of preference, babies have been shown to prefer sweet sense of taste substances and to reject bitter tastes. There is alike some evidence for an innate preference for flavor, based on animal research, although this has been controversial together, these studies suggest that some food preferences are innate. Beauchamp and Moran (1982) reported however that six month aged(prenominal) babies who were accustomed to drinking sweetened water supply drank more sweetened water than those babies who were not.So although innate food preferences may exist, these may be modified very quickly by learning and familiarity. Our early human ancestors lived in hunter-gatherer communities in which the men were responsible for hunting and the women were responsible for gathering. Their diets consisted mainly of fruits, berries, vegetables and some meat. Our innate food preferences can be explained in different forms. An innate preference for sweet foods would have encouraged commonwealth to eat fr uit with its natural fructose content. Sweet foods in nature provide alpha calories which are motivationed for energy.Natural avoidance of bitter foods would have gartered to protect people from feeding food that was poisonous. This would also have been helped by neophobia. A preference for salt is less easy to explain, although we do know that salt is essential for the atomic number 11 balance in our bodies. Sheep manage their sodium levels by licking course occurring minerals that contain salt because grass has very low sodium content. gay beings on the otherwise hand have very little need for additional salt, particularly if they eat meat.The innate preference for salt may therefore have originally functioned by encouraging people to eat meat. In our ancestral past the main challenge facing people would have been avoiding malnutrition by eating enough food to support a physically active lifestyle. Our innate food preferences may have helped us to survive. However for much of the modern world, food is no continuing incomparable and our lives are no longer as physically active. Nowadays a preference for sweet foods may no longer encourage a person to eat berries, but rather to eat highly calorific, energy-dense foods, much(prenominal) as chocolate bars.Furthermore a preference for salty foods may make haste the consumption of high-fat foods flavoured with salt, such as chips and processed foods. An evolutionary explanation for corpulency has been put forward based on biological preferences for foods which cause overindulge and problems with weight in our modern world, which has been called an obesongenic environment. There are some(prenominal) factors in our environment, such as fast food outlets and cars, which encourage an puffy lifestyle and may contribute to higher levels of obesity.Like biological explanations, evolutionary explanations of eating might be regarded as an oversimplification by suggesting that adaptiveness is the single, guid ing principle. such(prenominal) explanations are also determinists as they propose that eating behaviour is hardened by past environments, thereby overlooking the notion of free ordain and the fact that human behaviour is affected by many other factors such as thought, emotions and social factors. Evolutionary drives are moderated and modified by social drives. Evolutionary approaches can explain innate food preferences that were important for our ancestors survival.An innate preference for sweet foods may whizz us to consume energy-dense foods, such as chocolate bars, which are longer needed in the current obesogenic environment of the Western world, and can help to explain the recent upsurge in obesity. Innate preferences for food can be used to demonstrate the wisdom of the body, the existence of biological drives and also the importance of the environment. It is also difficult to measure eating behaviour accurately in a research context. The central concept of adaptiveness ca n be applied to many behaviours, including eating and is difficult to demonstrate empirically or disapprove.This means that we have no means of establishing the validity of the explanation. A force play of evolutionary explanations is that they consider ultimate causes and so may lead to more valid ways of treating seemingly maladaptive behaviours by taking cypher of their adaptive significance and not merely focusing on the immediate problem. Evolutionary explanations appear to suggest that we are no longer adapting to ever-changing environmental conditions. Some scientists believe that humans are continuing to evolve both physically and psychological and are doing so at a faster rate that any other close species.

Case Laws for Commercial Laws

LGEAL PERSONALITY Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189 is a leading English precedent in somatic legality. In whatever process in which a wrong is alleged to birth been crap to a community, the kosher claimant is the beau monde itself. This is hold outn as the rule in Foss v Harbottle, and the several important exceptions that contri thoe been developed be a great deal described as exceptions to the rule in Foss v Harbottle. Amongst these is the derivative runion, which allows a minority sh ar avoucher to bring a claim on behalf of the telephoner. This applies in situations of wrongdoer control and is, in reality, the only true exception to the rule.The rule in Foss v Harbottle is best supposen as the starting point for minority sh atomic number 18holder remedies Judgement The judicial system dismissed the claim and held that when a comp each is wronged by its directors it is only the alliance that has standing to sue. In military turn come in the court conventio nal cardinal rules. Firstly, the proper plaintiff rule is that a wrong firebrand to the political ships comp all whitethorn be vindicated by the telephoner alone. Secondly, the profound age rule teaching states that if the alleged wrong tail be sustain or ratify by a of members in a world-wide meeting, then the court give non interfere,Edwards v Halli advantageously 1950 2 each(prenominal) ER 1064 is a UK labour jurisprudence and UK confederation legality crusade about the inner organisation of a trade union, or a company, and litigation by members to make an executive follow the organisations internal rules just about members of the National Union of Vehicle Builders sued the executive committee for increasing fees. triumph 19 of the union constitution required a ballot and a two third approval level by members. Instead a specify meeting had purported to allow the increase without a ballot. Jenkins LJ granted the members application.He held that to a lower place the rule in Foss v Harbottle the union itself is prima facie the proper plaintiff and if a simple wakeless age bum make an guession binding, then no fountain fire be brought. further t here(predicate) are exceptions to the rule. First, if the human actionion is ultra vires a member whitethorn sue. Second, if the wrongdoers are in control of the unions right to sue there is a trick on the minority, and an individual member may wee-wee up a case. trio, as pointed out by Romer J in cottar v National Union of Seamen1 a company should non be able to bypass a particular procedure or majority in its own articles.This was relevant here. And fourth, as here, if there is an invasion of a approximatelybodyal right. Here it was a personal right that the members paid a set amount in fees and retain Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd 1897 AC 22 is a landmark UK company integrity case. The effect of the master copys unanimous ruling was to uphold firmly the doctrine of corporate personality, as set out in the Companies process 1862, so that creditors of an insolvent company could not sue the companys shareholders to grant up outstanding debts. membership as they stood forward the purported alterations.Facts Mr Aron Salomon do leather boots and shoes in a greathearted Whitechapel High Street establishment. He ran his communication channel for 30 years and he faculty fairly encounter counted upon retiring with at least ? 10,000 in his pocket. His sons wanted to become concern partners, so he bowed the communication channel into a limited company. His wife and five first children became subscribers and two eldest sons besides directors. Mr Salomon took 20,001 of the companys 20,007 shares. The price fixed by the generate for the sale of the disdain to the company was ? 9,000. jibe to the court, this was extrav operator and not anything that can be come up toed a fear like or healthy estimate of value. Transfer of the business took prescri be on June 1, 1892. The purchase money the company paid to Mr Salomon for the business was ? 20,000. The company also gave Mr Salomon ? 10,000 in debentures (i. e. , Salomon gave the company a ? 10,000 loan, secured by a press everywhere the assets of the company). The sense of balance paid went to extinguish the businesss debts (? ,000 of which was gold to Salomon). Soon after(prenominal) Mr Salomon incorporated his business a series of strikes in the shoe diligence led the government, Salomons main customer, to split its squinchs among much firms (the government wanted to widen its supply base to avoid the risk of its few suppliers beingness feeble by strikes). His warehouse was full of unsold stock. He and his wife bestow the company money. He cancelled his debentures. But the company needed to a greater extent money, and they sought ? 5,000 from a Mr Edmund Broderip.He assigned Broderip his debenture, the loan with 10% interest and secured by a floating charge. But Salomons business take over failed, and he could not detention up with the interest payments. In October 1893, Mr Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was allot into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his ? 5,000, and then the debenture was reassigned to Salomon, who retained the floating charge over the company. The companys pass receiver met Broderips claim with a counter claim, joining Salomon as a suspect, that the debentures were invalid for being egressd as postiche.The liquidator claimed all the money rearwards that was transferred when the company was started rescission of the agreement for the business transfer itself, cancellation of the debentures and repayment of the balance of the purchase money. lee v downwinds Air ground Ltd 1961 AC 12 is a UK company constabulary case, concerning the mask of in weed and specialise legal personality. The secluded Council reasserted that a company is a key legal entity, so that a director could still be und er a come of employment with the company he solely owned.Facts Mrs Lees husband formed the company by dint of Christchurch accountants, which worked in Canterbury, impertinent Zealand. It spread fertilisers on farmland from the air, known as top dressing. Mr Lee held 2999 of 3000 shares, was the sole director and employed as the chief pilot. He was killed in a plane crash. Mrs Lee wished to claim under the Workers Compensation Act 1922, and he needed to be a worker, or any person who has destroyed into or works under a lose weight of return with an employer whether remunerated by wages, salary or new(prenominal)wise. The company was insured (as required) for worker compensation. The motor lodge of Appeal of New Zealand said Lee could not be a worker when he was in effect also the employer. north J said1 the two offices are clearly incompatible. on that point would exist no power of control and thus the descent of master-servant was not created. ADVICE The Privy Council cognizant that Mrs Lee was entitled to compensation, since it was perfectly assertable for Mr Lee to have a fuck off with the company he owned. The company was a separate legal person. lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest saidIt was never suggested (nor in their Lordships view could it reasonably have been suggested) that the company was a sham or a mere simulacrum. It is well established that the mere nonethelesst that someone is a director of a company is no impediment to his projecting into a contract to armed service the company. If, then, it be accepted that the respondent company was a legal entity their Lordships envision no reason to challenge the validity of any contr material obligations which were created in the midst of the company and the deceased It is said that the deceased could not both be under the work of giving orders and also be under the affair of obeying them.But this approach does not give effect to the circumstance that it would be the company and not t he deceased that would be giving the orders. Control would persist with the company whoever might be the actor of the company to mold There appears to be no great difficulty in holding that a man playacting in one subject yield can make a contract with himself in another capacity. The company and the deceased were separate legal entities. Perpetual existent Estate Services, Inc. v. Michaelson Properties Facts Aaron Michaelson formed Michaelson Properties, Inc in 1981.Aaron was the sole shareholder and the tums president. It was a business for real estate joint ventures. It shiped a joint venture with Perpetual Real Estates (forming a partnership called Arlington flat Associates) to build condominiums. As they were building, further finance was needed. Michaelson Properties Inc could not put up its share, so Perpetual loaned it $1. 05m, and got a personal guarantee from Aaron. The apartments did not turn out to be built that well. Purchasers sued the partnership successfully for $950,000.Perpetual Real Estates paid it off on the partnerships behalf. Then they sought Michaelson Properties Inc to contribute its share. It did not have the money, and went bust. So they sued Aaron to pay. He argued that Michaelson Properties, Inc was a separate legal person to him, and it was inappropriate to pierce the corporate veil. At first instance the venire held Aaron should pay. Aaron appealed. Judgment Wilkinson J noted that Virginia law had assiduously upheld the vital economical policy of take noteing a corporation as a separate legal entity, since it underpinned the operation of vast enterprises.He emphasize that the veil would only be lifted where a defendant exercises undue domination and control and uses the corporation as a device or sham to disguise wrongs, becloud fraud, or conceal crime. 1 He said the description of the law which the dialog box had heard was in a rather soggy state and emphasised that it was not enough that an injustice or fundament al partialness would be perpetrated. The incident, he continued, that limited indebtedness might yield results that seem unfair to jurors unfamiliar with the function of the corporate form cannot provide a buns for wounding the veil. Because there was no evidence that Aaron was attempting to defraud anybody, the veil could not be lifted. There was no unfair siphoning of funds when Aaron paid himself a dividend, because distribution was entirely foreseeable when the money was given, and the distribution happened well before any suit was filed. The fact that Aaron had given personal guarantees strengthened the corporate veil presumption, because the transactions recognized it existed. Veil lifting by the courts (1) Where company is a Sham or FacadeAdams v Cape Industries English law has suggested a court can only lift the corporate veil when (1) construing a statute, contract or other document (2) if a company is a mere facade concealing the true facts, or (3) when a subsidiary co mpany was acting as an sack upd performer of its parent, and plainly not so just because justice requires or to treat a group of companies as a single economic unit, in the case of tort victims, the House of Lords suggested a remedy would in fact be available.In Lubbe v Cape plc1 Lord Bingham held that the question of proving a duty of care being owed mingled with a parent company and the tort victims of a subsidiary would be answered merely according to standard normals of omission law generally whether harm was reasonably foreseeable. the ending in Yukong contrast Ltd of Korea v Rendsburg Investment Corpn of Liberia (No 2) 1998 2 BCLC 485 was judgment of convictionly in pointing out that creditors have no standing, individually or collectively to bring an action in respect of any such(prenominal) duty.Toulson J, held that a director of an insolvent company who, in breach of duty to the company, transferred assets beyond the reach of its creditors owed no alike(p) fiducia ry duty to an individual creditor of the company. The appropriate means of redress was for the liquidator to bring an action for misfeasance (the Insolvency Act 1986, atom 212). ?Notwithstanding the logistical issue of locus standi raised by Toulson J. the question of directors duties to creditors again emerged in two recent decisions of the Companies dally 2) Where the company is used for a fraudulent declare oneself Sri Jaya Berhad v RHB Berhad The courts in Singapore thus far have been backward to pierce the corporate veil when called upon to do so and indicated that they would only exercise their power when called upon to do so sparingly . Re Darby, ex parte Brougham 1911 1 KB 95 is a UK company law case concerning piercing the corporate veil. It is a clear example of the courts ignoring the veil of incorporation where a company is used to conceal a fraudulent operation.Facts Darby and Gyde were undischarged bankrupts with convictions for fraud. They registered a company cal led City of London Investment Corporation Ltd (LIC) in Guernsey. It had cardinal shareholders and issued ? 11 of its nominal capital of ? 100,000. Darby and Gyde were the only directors and entitled to all profits. The company purported to register and float a company in England called Welsh just the ticket Quarries Ltd, for ? 30,000. It bought a quarrying licence and plant for ? 3 calciferol and sold this to WSQ for ? 18,000.The prospectus invited the universe to take debentures in WSQ. It stated the name of LIC, but not Darby and Gyde, or the fact that they would receive the profit on sale. WSQ failed and went into liquidation. The liquidator claimed Darbys cryptical profit, which he made as a promoter. Darby objected that the LIC and not him was the promoter. Judgment Philli more(prenominal) J rejected the argument. LIC was merely an alias for themselves just as much as if they had announced in the Gazette that they were in future going to call themselves Rothschild Co.They were minded to perpetrate a very great fraud __________________________ Creation of Agency (1) Actual Authority The doctrine of estoppel comes into play here to prevent a master(prenominal) from asserting to a third political ships company that the doer has office when in fact he does not, and then later on the straits seeks to renege on an agreement on the basis that the promoter never had actual effectiveness. In law, discernible post refers to the potency of an agent as it appears to others,3 and it can operate both to enlarge actual sureness and to create empowerment here no actual sanction exists. 4 The law relating to companies and to ostensible effectiveness are in reality only a sub-set of the rules relating to unvarnished chest of drawers and the law of self-assurance generally, but because of the prevalence of the issue in relation to corporate law (companies, being artificial persons, are only ever able to act at all by dint of their human agents), i t has developed its own specific body of case law. However, some jurisdictions use the terms interchangeably.In Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd 1964 2 QB 480 the director in question managed the companys property and acted on its behalf and in that design employed the plaintiff architects to draw up plans for the development of land held by the company. The development ultimately collapsed and the plaintiffs sued the company for their fees. The company denied that the director had any authority to employ the architects.The court found that, while he had never been official as managing director (and thereof had no actual authority, press out or implied) his actions were at heart his ostensible authority and the board had been aware of his get by and had acquiesced in it. Diplock LJ identified four factors which moldiness be present before a company can be bound by the acts of an agent who has no authority to do so it essentialinessiness be shown that 1. a government agency that the agent had authority to enter on behalf of the company into a contract of the soma sought to be enforced was made to the contractor 2. uch a mental representation was made by a person or persons who has actual authority to manage the business of the company, each generally or in respect of those matters to which the contract relates 3. the contractor was induced by such representation to enter into the contract, i. e. that he in fact relied upon it and 4. under its memorandum or articles of experience the company was not deprived of the capacity either to enter into a contract of the kind sought to be enforced or to delegate authority to enter into a contract of that kind to an agent.The agent essentialiness have been held out by someone with actual authority to protract out the transaction and an agent cannot hold himself out as having authority for this purpose. 5 The acts of the company as star essential constitute a representation (e xpress or by conduct) that the agent had a particular authority and must be reasonably understood so by the third ships company. In determining whether the lead story had represented his agent as having such authority, the court has to consider the totality of the companys conduct. 6 The most(prenominal) ordinary form of holding out is permitting the agent to act in the conduct of the companys business, and in many cases this is inferred only when from allowing the agent to use a particular title, such as finance director. The apparent authority must not be undermined by any limitations on the companys capacity or powers found in the memorandum or articles of association, although in many countries, the effect of this is reduced by company law reforms abolishing or restricting the application of the ultra vires doctrine to companies. 7 However, statutory reforms do not affect the general article of belief that a third party cannot rely upon ostensible authority where it is awa re of some limitation which prevents the authority arising, or is put on enquiry as to the extent of an individuals authority. 8 In some dowry, the very nature of a transaction would be held to put a person on enquiry. Facts Lord Suirdale (Richard Michael John Hely-Hutchinson) sued Brayhead Ltd for losses incurred after a failed takeover deal.The CEO, chairman and de facto managing director of Brayhead Ltd, Mr Richards, had guaranteed repayment of money, and had indemnified losses of Lord Suirdale in return for injection of money into Lord Suirdales company Perdio Electronics Ltd. Perdio Ltd was then taken over by Brayhead Ltd and Lord Suirdale gained a place on Brayhead Ltds board, but Perdio Ltds business did not recover. It went into liquidation, Lord Suirdale resigned from Brayhead Ltds board and sued for the losses he had incurred.Brayhead Ltd refused to pay on the basis that Mr Richards had no authority to make the guarantee and indemnity contract in the first place. Roskill J held Mr Richards had apparent authority to bind Brayhead Ltd, and the company appealed. That has been done in the judgments of this court in Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd. 1 It is there shown that actual authority may be express or implied. It is express when it is given by express words, such as when a board of directors pass a firmness of purpose which authorises two of their number to sign cheques.It is implied when it is inferred from the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case, such as when the board of directors put forward one of their number to be managing director. They thereby impliedly authorise him to do all such things as fall within the everyday setting of that office. Actual authority, express or implied, is binding as amongst the company and the agent, and also as between the company and others, whether they are within the company or outside it. Ostensible or apparent authority is the authority of an agent as it app ears to others. It often coincides with actual authority.Thus, when the board appoint one of their number to be managing director, they invest him not only with implied authority, but also with ostensible authority to do all such things as fall within the usual scope of that office. Other people who see him acting as managing director are entitled to assume that he has the usual authority of a managing director. But some meters ostensible authority exceeds actual authority. For instance, when the board appoint the managing director, they may expressly limit his authority by saying he is not to order substantiallys worth more than ? 00 without the sanction of the board. In that case his actual authority is subject to the ? 500 limitation, but his ostensible authority includes all the usual authority of a managing director. The company is bound by his ostensible authority in his dealings with those who do not know of the limitation. He may himself do the holding-out. Thus, if he o rders goods worth ? 1,000 and signs himself Managing Director for and on behalf of the company, the company is bound to the other party who does not know of the ? 00 limitation (2) Apparent Authority An apparent or ostensible authority, on the other hand, is a legal relationship between the mavin and the contractor created by a representation, made by the primary(prenominal) to the contractor, intended to be and in fact acted upon by the contractor, that the agent has authority to enter on behalf of the principal into a contract of a kind within the scope of the apparent authority, so as to render the principal liable to perform any obligations imposed upon him by such contract.To the relationship so created the agent is a stranger. He need not be (although he generally is) aware of the existence of the representation but he must not purport to make the agreement as principal himself. The representation, when acted upon by the contractor by entering into a contract with the agent, operates as an estoppel, preventing the principal from asserting that he is not bound by the contract. It is hostile whether the agent had actual authority to enter into the contract.In ordinary business dealings the contractor at the time of entering into the contract can in the nature of things hardly ever rely on the actual authority of the agent. His information as to the authority must be derived either from the principal or from the agent or from both, for they alone know what the agents actual authority is. All that the contractor can know is what they tell him, which may or may not be true. In the ultimate analysis he relies either upon the representation of the principal, that is, apparent authority, or upon the representation of the agent, that is, warranty of authority.The representation which creates apparent authority may take a variety of forms of which the commonest is representation by conduct, that is, by permitting the agent to act in some way in the conduct of t he principals business with other persons. By so doing the principal represents to anyone who becomes aware that the agent is so acting that the agent has authority to enter on behalf of the principal into contracts with other persons of the kind which an agent so acting in the conduct of his principals business has usually actual authority to enter into. First International v Hungarian International depose An agent who had no apparent authority to conclude a transaction might nevertheless have apparent authority to make representations of fact concerning it, such as the fact that his principal had given the necessary approval for it. The Court of Appeal dismissed an appeal by the defendant, Hungarian International brink Ltd, and upheld a decision of Judge Michael Kershaw QC, sitting as a substitute High Court judge in the Commercial Court on 23 October 1991, giving judgment for the plaintiff, First Energy (UK) Ltd.The case interested an alleged contract under which the defendan t was to provide the plaintiff with business finance. One of the issues was whether the defendants agent had ostensible authority to communicate the endure upon which the contract was based. The judge held that he did, and that the plaintiff accepted that offer, so creating the contract. Mary Arden QC and Michael Todd (Chaffe Street, Manchester) for the defendant Giles Wingate-Saul QC and Andrew Sander (Davies Arnold Cooper) for the plaintiff. LORD JUSTICE STEYN said a theme that ran by dint of the law of contract was hat the levelheaded expectations of mediocre men must be protected. It was not a rule or formula of law. But if the prima facie solution to a problem ran counter to reasonable expectations of honest men, this criterion sometimes required a rigorous re-examination of the problem to watch over whether the law did compel demonstrable unfairness. In the present case, if their Lordships were to accept the implications which the defendant had placed on observations of the House of Lords in Armagas Ltd v Mundogas SA (1986) 1 AC 717, it would frustrate the reasonable expectations of the parties.The plaintiffs case was that the defendants agent, while not authoritative to enter into the transaction, did have ostensible authority to communicate his head offices approval of the support facility. He had sent the plaintiff a letter to this effect, which the judge held amounted to an offer capable of acceptance by the plaintiff. The law recognised that in ripe commerce an agent who had no apparent authority to conclude a particular transaction might sometimes be clothed with apparent authority to make representations of fact. A decision that the agent did not have such authority would defeat the reasonable expectation of the parties.It would also disappear in the face of the way in which in practice negotiations were conducted between trading banks and trading customers who sought commercial loans. RATIFICATION The agent whose act is sought to be fo rmalise must have purported to act for the principal Keighley, Maxstead Co v Durant 1901, UK, endorsed by Crowder v McAlister 1909, Qld per Cooper CJ There can be no check of a contract by a person sought to be made liable as a principal, unless the person who made the contract professed to be acting on behalf of the other at the time. Keighley, Maxstead Co v Durant 1901, UK An agent had authority to purchase penetrate up to a particular price. Ended up contracting to pay too much, KMCo first decide to ratify, then change their minds. Problem was that the contract was in the name of the agent and of D. D sues, but loses. a. At the time the act was done the agent must have had a adapted principal Corporations Law s 131(1). b. At the time of ratification the principal must be legally capable of doing the act himself. c.The principal must have full knowledge of all material facts relating to the act to be ratified. Ratification must take place within a reasonable time of the agen ts act unless the contract stipulates another more specific timeframe. The principal has no right to see if market conditions improve, or similar, before ratifying Prince v Clark (1823). Ratification entering into an unauthorised contract The dogmas of ratification Where an agent enters into an unauthorised contract, the principle may be happy to put on it. This can be done by the process of ratification.For ratification to be available, however, the agent must purport to act on behalf of a principle, the principle must be in existence at the time of the contract, and the principle must have capacity. The agent must purport to act on behalf of a principle Because the agent must purport to be acting on behalf of another, ratification is not available where the principle is undisclosed. The third party must know that there is, or is supposed to be, a principle in the background. If the third party thinks that the agent is acting on his or her own account, no later ratification will be potential.The principle must be in existence at the time of the contract The second requirement for ratification, that is, that the principle is in existence at the time of ratification, arises mainly in relation to contracts made on behalf of new companies which are being formed. In Kelner v Baxter, it was held that if the company was not existence (in that it had not been incorporated) at the time of the contract, it could not later ratify the agreement. The purported agents, the promoters of the company, were therefore in person liable. Such personal liability is now imposed by statute, by virtue of s 36C of the Companies Act 1985.The principle must have capacity The final requirement is that the principle must have capacity. There are in theory two aspects to this rule. The first rule is that the principle must have capacity to make the transaction at the time of the contract. This has most obvious relevance to minors, who want to ratify after reaching majority. It could also apply to contracts made outside the powers of a company. The second aspect is that the principle must have capacity at the time of ratification. This was applied in Grover and Grover Ltd v Matthews.A contract of fire insurance was purported to be ratified after a fire had destroyed the property which was the subject of the insurance. It was held that this was futile because at the time of the purported ratification the principle could not have made the contract himself (because the property no longer existed). Capacity is thus being given a rather broader meaning than usual, to cover the issue as to whether the principle would have in practice been able to make the contract in question. Ratification is retrospective in its effect, and the original contract must be treated as if it had been authorised from the start.This was confirmed by the Court of Appeal in Presentaciones Musicales SA v Secunda. The implications of this rule are clear from the decision in Bolton Partners v Lambe rt. Bolton Partners owned a factory, which Lambert offered to buy. This offer was accepted by the managing director, though in fact he had no authority to do this. On 13 January, there was a disagreement, and Lambert withdrew his offer. On 17 January, Bolton Partners started proceedings for breach of contract. On 28 January, the Board of Directors of Bolton Partners ratified the actions of the managing director.Lambert argued that this ratification came too late, but the Court of Appeal held that it had retrospectively validated the original contract, and that Lamberts attempt to withdraw was therefore ineffective. INDOOR MANAGEMENT RULE and LIABLITY OF CRIMINAL and TORTOUS ACTS Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 EB 327 is a UK company law case that held people transacting with companies are entitled to assume that internal company rules are complied with, even if they are not. This indoor management rule or the Rule in Turquands Case is applicable in most of the common law worl d.It originally mitigated the harshness of the shaping notice doctrine, and in the UK it is now supplemented by the Companies Act 2006 sections 39-41. The rule in Turquands case was not accepted as being firmly entrenched in law until it was endorsed by the House of Lords. In Mahony v East Holyford Mining Co1 Lord Hatherly phrased the law thus When there are persons conducting the affairs of the company in a manner which appears to be perfectly consonant with the articles of association, those so dealing with them externally are not to be affected by irregularities which may take place in the internal management of the company.So, in Mahoney, where the companys articles provided that cheques should be signed by any two of the three named directors and by the secretary, the fact that the directors who had signed the cheques had never been properly appointed was held to be a matter of internal management, and the third parties who received those cheques were entitled to presume that the directors had been properly appointed, and cash the cheques. The position in English law is now superseded by section 40 of the Companies Act 2006,2 but the Rule in Turquands Case is still applied throughout many common law jurisdictions in the Commonwealth.According to the Turquand rule, each outsider contracting with a company in good faith is entitled to assume that the internal requirements and procedures have been complied with. The company will consequently be bound by the contract even if the internal requirements and procedures have not been complied with. The exceptions here are if the outsider was aware of the fact that the internal requirements and procedures have not been complied with (acted in bad faith) or if the circumstances under which the contract was concluded on behalf of the company were suspicious.However, it is sometimes possible for an outsider to ascertain whether an internal requirement or procedure has been complied with. If it is possible to ascertai n this fact from the companys public documents, the doctrine of disclosure and the doctrine of constructive notice will apply and not the Turquand rule. The Turquand rule was formulated to keep an outsiders duty to inquire into the affairs of a company within reasonable bounds, but if the compliance or noncompliance with an internal requirement can be ascertained from the companys public documents, the doctrine of disclosure and the doctrine of constructive notice will apply.If it is an internal requirement that a certain act should be approved by special resolution, the Turquand rule will therefore not apply in relation to that specific act, since a special resolution is registered with Companies House (in the United Kingdom), and is deemed to be public information. Liability In English law, a corporation can only act through its employees and agents so it is necessary to decide in which circumstances the law of agency or vicarious liability will apply to hold the corporation liabl e in tort for the frauds of its directors or senior officers.If liability for the particular tort requires a state of mind, then to be liable, the director or senior officer must have that state of mind and it must be attributed to the company. In Meridian Global Funds Management Asia express mail v. Securities Commission 1995 2 AC 500, two employees of the company, acting within the scope of their authority but unknown to the directors, used company funds to bring out some shares. The question was whether the company knew, or ought to have known that it had acquired those shares.The Privy Council held that it did. Whether by virtue of their actual or ostensible authority as agents acting within their authority (see Lloyd v Grace, Smith Co. 1912 AC 716) or as employees acting in the course of their employment (see Armagas Limited v Mundogas S. A. 1986 1 AC 717), their acts and omissions and their knowledge could be attributed to the company, and this could give rise to liability as joint tortfeasors where the directors have assumed responsibility on their own behalf and not just on behalf of the company.So if a director or officer is expressly authorised to make representations of a particular divide on behalf of the company, and fraudulently makes a representation of that class to a Third Party causing loss, the company will be liable even though the particular representation was an improper way of doing what he was authorised to do. The extent of authority is a question of fact and is significantly more than the fact of an employment which gave the employee the opportunity to carry out the fraud.

Great Little Box Company Case Study Essay

Problem Statement Idea Points The ships companys original informal, simple structure has moved on to an organic structure has outright outgrown itself. How does GLBC implement a structural revival and still retain and describe customers in a market that is no longer suffering an sparing down turn. How potful this new structure be employ against the emulation in a global market How do we influence and deputise various levels of Authority and genuine king to employees to further arrangingal might How do we implement different concepts of causation type to our current and forthcoming presidencyal design? With the acquisition of new companies, interorganizational conflict will arise. morphologic and personal factors lead to conflict in organizations. What key factors support we mesh on to heighten Emotional Intelligence?Symptoms We back end throw that the company started as a small structure. The power was in the hands of Robert Meggie victorious orders to making g ross revenue calls to running unmatched of the machines and shipping out the entire orders. happy Power has been implemented with the hiring of a recently located off salesperson from one of its largest companies (supply shipping first). The member of the organization Upped our none 80 percent overnight and highlighted the importance of a strong sales force Eventually Meggie required the skills and expertise of a nonher person (for sales and marketing) Meggie was then responsible only for administration and production (we put forward see a change into a slightly more divisional structure, establish on the services) * Administration* Production* trade*Sales The Six types of OD structures heap fall under deuce comprehensive categories (Mechanistic and Organic) we can strike GLBC as being closer to the organic side. (No one company can be purely be from one side or the other) We can see that size is increasing for the company (Absorption of Parrot Label (label capabilities), Vanisle promotion (P provider on Vancouver Island), and Action Box Company (Lead provider of protecting(prenominal) packaging in BC). This also forwards the Formalization and Specialization of the company. This in turns decentralizes decision-making. The past economic downturn had the small, agile company cut into an boundary line in the market. However, the now growing expansion has the need for strategical attraction ship that can facilitate access to the companys capabilities and knowledge. We do not nominate any type of standardization reading wassail for this company. We ready nothing that points to identification of a standardization of company management. (Rules, Policies, Documentation) As the company is continuing to grow, centralization is also growing. This is demonstrated by the monthly standings that Meggie administers. The information shared is a vehicle of empowerment for the citizenry beneath him at the various locations. Meggie also meets with everyone twice a year in groups, to provide a state of the nation (Centralized Authority Structure) It is possible to abide that as the complexity of the structure increases, so does the political element of the strategic decision processes- As the company grows Meggie may be faces with a hassle where he may have to balance efficiency orientation and the character reference orientation of the organization.Problem Analysis Information Technology and communication systems can lead to interworking with the company. These companies are less hierarchical and more engaged into outside(a) networking. This will deter a delay in decision-making, and increase the role of the decisions being made. The right information is meeting with the right people. And no one is being overloaded with data. Coordinating plans can be not as effective in a ever-changing structure, if the it is designed poorly GLBC at times may experience powerlessness can due to quick round being grouped with newly acquired co mpanies, and experience conflict. (Changing OD Structure) We mustiness share power between people to project empowerment to the people? Information Power is the access and control to information that can be used by managers to establish power. We should use current technologies to share the priggish information to the right people A high level of just Differentiation must be in place for the organization to pick out growing in size (global market). Horizontal Differentiation must be at a level where the needs of the customers are met by the unique(predicate) Organizational Units (domestic and foreign operations). Conflict can arise from the improper class of processes. Refer to page 253 (Technology) Formalization, specialization, standardization, and centralization. Must allow the proper authority to induct key decisions, provided allow the parent firm to allow the goals of the organization to be in check at the same time. Page 253 (Size) structural Factors can lead up to a cause of conflict in an organization. We can identify this through the specialization of companies that have been absorbed by GLBC. In a big box company, Interdependence will decease prevalent. All the groups rely on each other to create the ideal product. It one section where to fail, it will be easy for one of the groups to commit another group.( Negative Consequences ) Functional Conflict Can be used to promote new solutions to problems and promote creativity.Recommended Solutions We want to lead up to a semi autonomous system. Where organizations can self-manage and controls themselves. o The negative consequence in choosing this route is the possibility if a section of the company to lose encompass of the focus of the company. o A section might be minded(p) so much freedom that they can lead to a commodious economic loss in not in check o Can be positive due to authority based decisions to be transferred go offly to another autonomous unit, thus having speed and being unhampered by politics. o Delegation of tasks (Semi-Autonomous) will always answer to the organization but still be allowed to do its own thing Authority, Legitimate Power Can be deployed to specific people with the use of information technology (For an example, Microsoft Domain Networks with separate Organizational Units) the proper people with have the proper knowledge, (The higher ups can be exposed to more but not actually work with it, people lower in the pecking order can see less but more action orientated with it. (Goal setting mechanism)) o Very similar to authority, Based on common agreement of the structure and the target.We must make it visible to all workers, who is where and what they can do. o The negative side is that, people can choose to send away people they do not respect. And later be swayed by denotative power (They persons charisma) o Its crucial to identify the groups main source of authoritative inspirations and deploy someone who can meet the power needs. o A engineer is more likely to Expert Power and Reward Power more than the other power types. We can tell this by their personality type ENTJ INTP (Intuitive types). Perhaps even if we have a lot of EN** we can find a charismatic person that can a lot of expert power J If we cannot show a proper power structure to a changing organization, we may find people attempt to resort to political power to gain power. For an example, character assassinations. People may start to take favourites or put down people that will not help them achieve their power goals. -People may try to gain people under a personal agenda book-Make themselves look socially better-Influence people without using power ethically To deter this, again legitimate power can be instilled Vertical Differentiation We have to have consentaneous management with Authority. Progression up the company is clear and hierarchical. Communication flows vertically up and down DisadvantagesWe have individual containers for ea ch section of a geographical area that is in charge of it owns sales, BUT Production is to stick around consistent across all locations to have the brand product hang in the same. The respective marketing is left up to the location is thus does not have to answer to the higher ups CEO in the company. This will continue information overloading with the OD. The (Project Manager) will have the ability to work in two difference areas. As a regular projects manager in the Marketing Dept and as a functional Production manager.The right people to complete the tasks will be pulled from the locations thus leading to a organisations intimacy through the location. Also this provides for a need for achievement and affiliation. People will not feel like they are stuck in a certain area. In addition, the ability to flex positions would be present. Once they task is completed staff can be returned or combined with several structures creating a interbreeding entity.

Freedom to live Essay

During the ancient times before imprisonment, in that respect were executions and executions lone(prenominal) which were or else completed by stoning. There were consisted of several reasons as to why the slap-up penalisation was needful. The United States inherited its use of capital penalisation from the European settlers in the s level offteenth century hardly in the eighteenth century, German philosopher Immanuel Kant appealed that execution was the fairest punishment for murder. He presented that it is the most suitable punishment for those who have committed murder and that a person who has through with(p) price should suffer for it. Arguing that stamp outers should die in order to gain bring on from their suffering, including that the crime must fit the punishment. Arguments against the finish penalization endanger capital punishment for what some retrieve is a reasonable punishment, patch others view it as revenge disguised as justice but overall, is continu ously an jazz that would non be equally discussed and abolished world-wide.Disagreements virtually the expiry penalty mostly turn on issues of fairness, morality and effectiveness. There consists of aeonian reasons as to why the expiration penalty is to be abolished. One of many is that executions cost more than life in prison. According to Statistic mastermind, it costs more or less 2 million per person to be executed, all which consists of maximum security, apprise for defense and others. Another popular point is that the innocent may be wrongly executed. This is a high hazard because evidence, DNA, and witness statements ar not one hundred percent reliable. A slightly relevant caseful was a falsely executed man named Cameron Todd Willingham. He was executed in Texas, known to be the number one state with the highest rate of executions. He was accused of allegedly setting his house on prove that killed his triad young daughters. He repeatedly claimed his innocence a nd the arson investigator was headinged unspoiled before Willinghams execution. After his execution, an investigative report discovered the fire was an accident.Several reasons include that the wipeout penalty punishment does not inevitably decrease the crime rate, that life in prison also guarantees no future crimes, some religions forbid death penalty, killing is wrong even through a punishment, that it violates international homo rights laws and that it promotes killing as a satis factor outy solution to a difficult problem. A common factor as to why people oppose the death penalty is because of the rigorousness of the act itself, such as the common contemporary methods of execution, such as by shooting, hanging, using gas, electrocution and lethal injection.According Amnesty supranational who are strong non-advocates of the death penalty, capital punishment is the decisive rejection of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the st ate. Half the amounts of US States have banned the death penalty for example New York, finding it un entire. In Just Revenge by Mark Costanzo, he states that most Americans are supportive of the death penalty in the abstract by simply wanting the government to stimulate care of it, cleanly and efficiently, in a distant prison. He questions that is it morally acceptable to subject murderers to psychological torture before we kill them?. While others assure it is a harsh, inhuman and undignified punishment done in the name of justice, including that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages others from wrong doing. whatever may say that the death penalty is a way to thresh back at those who have harmed us, but cooperatively we must be more reasonable and humane than those who commit the act themselves.Those who favor the death penalty argue that if there were no death penalty to cast off over the head of prisoners, those who have been sentenced to life without parole would b e forgive to commit whatever crimes they chose without fear of increased punishment. Death penalty supporters lots press two claims of executing murderers. The first is that it is injustice to the victims of murder if we do not execute their murders. The second claim is that the death penalty is needed to frighten potential murderers. Fear of the execution chamber lead curb potential murders, knowing they could face the executioner and that those who otherwise kill will stop and innocent lives would be saved.Another factor as to why the death penalty is justified is it giving closure to victims families who have suffered enormously from the loss of their loved one. And also a prisoner can thresh prison and give them another chance to kill. The death penalty is state to be needed to protect society from those who would kill again. Many of these factors which assort back to revenge. In some cases, the capital punishment is a risk taker. There are certain cases in which killing a sinful can lead to questioning as to whether or not the individual(a) was guilty of the crime.The death penalty fails to effectively build up a society that is free from crime. Furthermore, it does not relieve the pain and loss of the victims or their families. States have made many proposals as to why capital punishment is wrong. As citizens, the death penalty does not alleviate the fear of bowelless crime or better safe-guard the people and is not imposed with fairness. pontiff John Paul II made a rattling unsnarl point in a statement he made about the death penalty. He stated the death penalty does not forego the opportunity for the spiritual and human reconciliation with the victim and also that we cannot enlighten that killing is wrong by killing. This quote is a very good example to supporting the idea of abolishing the death penalty that we cannot drill that murdering an individual is wrong by killing a criminal.Depending on the country, there are different views a s to whether the death penalty should be abolished or not. The factors on both sides of the argument have led to the abolition of the death penalty in Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine has put a pause to its punishment of the death penalty, as well as South Africa, whose parliament voted to officially abolish the death penalty, which had earlier been declared unconstitutional by the constitutional court. Their constitutional court believes that death is the most extreme form of punishment. They believe every individual has the right to life, dignity, public opinion. Not only is this an issue in the United States, but very well around the world. In India, the Indian Penal Code authorizes the imposition of the death sentence as a penalty of murder.Although it is nearly impossible for the abolishment of the death penalty to be equalized and understood by both sides of the arguments, the ideas and opinions shall never fade. With several states not having the death penalty, the real question is whether or not we need the death penalty. Capital punishment is not the core of our criminal system its only one aspect of it. Only a small percentage of murderers are sentenced to death, and only a small percentage of that are executed. The real question is whether we insist on keeping the death penalty even though we dont need it.WORK CITEDEnd Capital Punishment. abolish the Death Penalty. Amnesty International USA, 2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.Costanzo, Mark. Just Revenge be and Consequences of the Death Penalty. New York St. Martins, 1997. Print.Bureau of Justice Statistics. Death Penalty Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. Statistic Brain Research Institute, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.Kronenwetter, Michael. Capital Punishment A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO, 2001. Print.

Your Role in a Small Team

* * Your Role in a Past Small Team and Group Paper * * Whether you argon one of those people who likes root flirt or one who finds it queer and a waste of time, evidence suggests that groups ar here to stay. Human beings collaborate. We are raised in groups, educated in groups, and entertained in groups we adore in groups and work in groups. (Beebe, Beebe & Ivy, 2013) A police squad is any group of people organized to work unitedly interdependently and cooperatively to accomplish a common purpose or a goal. Everyone will come into a situation in life where they are obligated to work in a aggroup or group setting.The team that I am going to reference is one that I am apart of daily. As a manager at my current job I am apart of a team of higher management. There are soon four fellow members of our management team our store manager, and three assistant managers. As management, are duties are to ensure that everything runs smoothly and associates complete working classs. In addition, it is our obligation to set a good example to our team of associates so that we cornerstone lead by example. Us as a management team get under ones skin unlike qualities and so lets say a team for school or a sport would be.All of us started at different times and at different positions. Because we all come from different backgrounds and hold ups we all look at our job a little otherwise but we still moderate one goal in common. In the beginning stages of our career we were eager to learn and take on task that we had never come in contact with before. Everything was a new experience and severally day was a new lesson. Now as we have progressed in our position and the basic are down some of us have lost interest in our position and feel the acquire for advancement.Recently, as a team we cant seem to work together and agree on a common goal for the business. As I mentioned, we are all in different stages of our career so some of us seem to posses more ambition and passion then others. Seeing the frustration mount, I suggested that we hold a store face-off to address any outs and express our feelings to one another. After our meeting I feel like a lot of animosity and stress towards each other and our job were greatly reduced. We were able to talk about our strengths and weaknesses by the piece and as a team. My store manager and myself have been with the company the bimestrial so we are usually the ones to take on the leadership role. By us being the leaders of our team we saw that there was an issue and we knew we needed to resolve it. By us taking the lead and organizing a meeting we were able to resolve the issues. Unfortunately, the other two managers lack leadership, which does modify the team as a whole. Our team was not effective, but forthwith it is. We did not all have a common goal among us and roles were not taken seriously.Now we are a team that works together and learned to compromise with one another. Everyone in our team is a spirit and loyal member so that made it easier to build and grown as a team. Communication is such a huge factor in a successful team. Without communication a team will expose and cannot advance. Thanks to our teams constant communication we were able to resolve our negatives and build our strengths. Since we are all different and diverse we had a lot of different opinions among us but that was a good thing.Instead of always thinking My opinion is justifiedly and everyone else is wrong we were able to hear each others argument and see everyones point of view more clearly. Without a goal a team has no purpose. When a team or a group has a goal in common it gives them motivation and drive to work together and get what needs to be done, done. Everyone in a team should have a role. Weather its a leader of the team or just a member every aspect is imperative to a successful team. Its good to assign one team member as a leader so there is someone to run structure and make sure as signments or projects are done on time and correctly.According to Beebe, Beebe & Ivy, 2013 The role of leader, a person who influences others in the group, is a modified kind of role, and more than one person can assume it. fuse rules should be put in place to ensure everyone is on the analogous page. Groups and teams are dynamic. A variety of factors influence the ever-changing nature of members interactions in groups and teams. References 1. Beebe, S. A. , Beebe, S. J. , & Ivy, D. K. (2013). Communication Principles for a lifetime (5thed. ).

Lost in the labyrinth Essay

Emily is sitting in the park thinking round the argument she had conscionable had with her mum and how she didnt mean anything she had said to her. She solely of a sudden realised the time oh no Im ten minutes late now mum leaveing be even more annoyed with me she says. Emily quickly starts to run home nerve-wracking not to run into hatful or things.She arrived home but to her bewilderment t present isnt an angry mum waiting to tell her get rid of at the front door. Mum Emily shouts mum but in that location was no reply so she shouts again mum be you there. Emily starts to tactile sensation nearly the house but she cant find her anywhere ok then if shes not here there will be a bank line thinks Emily. So she begins looking for a note but there isnt one anywhere. Emily then spots something on the bedight whats this says Emily. To her surprise it was her favourite countersign on the floor Im sure I didnt leave this here says Emily confusedly.Emily picks up the book an d looks at the open page and there was her mum in the picture on the page and in shock she drops the book on the floor. Then Emily remembered the story in her book about the scamp king who desperately wanted a wife and who had a individual(a) labyrinth. Emily starts crying and mutters to her self why my mum out of all the people he could pick why my mum. When she had finished crying she turned around and there was the elf king staring at her and laughing. What submit you make with my mum? she cries. If you unfeignedly want to know ill take you there salutary close your eyes says the hobgoblin king. Emily closes her eyes.Emily opens her eyes and finds her self in a dusty field where all the grass is dead and in the distance she spots at the entrance of a labyrinth. The pixie mental returns and says your mum will be turned in to my wife and will forget you and invariablyything unless you get there in time which you wont, laughs the pixie king. The pixie king vanishes sound ly how hard can it be says the pixie king. The pixie kin g then reappears and says oh and one last thing you have till 1200 to get to my fort and give your mum this apple it will be too late. Emily take the apple he gives her and as soon as she takes it he vanishes. First I compulsion to get to the labyrinth, thinks Emily and she starts her walk to the labyrinth.Finally Emily arrives at the gates of the labyrinth well this is it Emily says worriedly and with a big deep breath Emily enters. Emily gives a suspiration of relief this isnt so bad Emily says. The labyrinth is brightly a colour and everywhere she looks there is divergent types of berries. Yum just what I carry Emily says in delight. She reaches out for some strawberries. NO NO NO foolt eat them do you have no common thought says a voice from no where Hello who said that shouts Emily.Out of nowhere a pink and purple butterfly appears and says it was me you can talk says Emily in shock of course I can talk says the b utterfly. okay then but I do have common sensation and I know that when your hungry your suppose to eat oh you must be new around here Im Pippy. You cant eat those berries they make you forget, says the butterfly. Hello Im Emily and thank you thank Emily. One last thing how do you get to the pixie kings castle asks Emily well first you go left and Im really sorry but youll have to work out the rest because I dont want the king after me but if you ever need help just call, bye says pippy and flys of.Emily follows pippys instructions and goes left. Emily then notices that every single path she takes is a different colour. Emily continues walking and when she turns the corner she hears an oww. She looks down and notices a worm wearing a black jacket and a top hat this place just gets stranger and stranger mutters Emily. Im not weird and you just kicked me which hurt shouts the worm I am very sorry apologises Emily are you ok yes yes Im fine, Im wiggle replies the worm. Hi wiggle, Im Emily says Emily do you know the way to the castle asks Emily yes you go left and follow the path says wiggle thank you says Emily thankfully. Emily turns left and follows the path.Emily arrives at the end of the path but she comes across a dead end. well(p) thats great, she says. A voice from nowhere then says, well you shouldnt trust strangers Emily turns around and sees wiggle. Why would you do that Emily says Shockley well I couldnt really tell you the way, I mean who knows what the pixie king would do to me but Im telling you it wouldnt be proficient? says wiggle. Fine then Ill do it by my self, GOOD au revoir shouts Emily.Emily goes back down the path and turns the corner and she sees a little pixie wearing a red and green outfit jumping on ladybirds. Hey stop Emily shouts at him why should I there horrible things replies the pixie. Emily picks up the ladybird, the ladybird pricks her. Oww it pricked me she drops the ladybird. Well what do you expect the pixie says well not that says Emily. Who are you any way asks Emily who me says the pixie I dont see any one else around says Emily oh Im picture element replies the pixie. Please can you help me get to the castle asks Emily.

We all fall down – Essay in speech format

Good dawn thank you for turning up to what will be an engaging synopsis of the complexity of conflict in literature. If you ponder upon it, how many of us choose experienced some form of conflict in our lives? No discredit every of you. But year 1 1, It Is the expression In which we clutch this conflict that moulds us Into the individuals we are today. My work In the fresh We all fall low-spirited has caused some controversy In schools simply because I cay the picture of calibers who fall to metaphorically puff back up.Ive no un plasteredness that if you look closely enough some this room you will consociate m bingley with these problems and thats what Id like to explore today the complex eccentric person that is pal Walker. The thing that really got the critics cranky was buddys escapist tendencies. The reason being that crony drinks, he drinks a lot to assist him in sanding down the knockabout edges in his highly conflicted life, and that will be the focus of our discussion today.Year 1 1, I would now absenter you some valuable advice in the confide that you will learn from Buddys mistakes, and that is that in life, its not about how you fall down Its how you get up. Now, the main theme I implicitly explored In this novel through the experiences of Buddy Walker and Jane Jerome Is the concept of resilience. Evidently, these two vastly several(predicate) characters both have vastly different aims of resilience, seen through the way they consider the conflict In their lives. But what exactly Is resilience?Resilience Is a persons ability to jump back from setbacks, major or minor, and just the all-round(prenominal) ability to keep going, you could describe it differently as moral toughness. Buddy, as stated before, is an escapist. He uses many different things as tools for his escapism, the major one being his metaphorical life crutch, his gin (alcohol). He uses alcohol as a form of escapism in many different instances, and I feel that the way I described the gins significance to Buddys escapism short sums up the character that Buddy is.A few of my favorite descriptions are the way it (the alcohol) soothed and stroked him. The alcohol was like his only friend. and The way it kept a certain haziness on the harsh realities of his life. These quotes especially emphasize the high level of penitence Buddy has on the alcohol to act as a beacon to guide him through the fogginess of his existence, If you will. The alcohol symbolizes Buddys weakness, It depicts his inability to subordinate conflict on his lonesome and essentially characterizes him as someone who cannot get back up.Now year 1 1, Buddy is by no representation a resilient character. He has little to no willpower and is absolutely happy to stand idly by while something despicable happens in front of him. I expressed this in the opening scene, the trashing. While I set the scene with a sinister tone and suspenseful language, I placed Buddy in a difficult fructify. A position where he had to choose to either test his courage and be a hero while running the risk of the losing his friends, or sit back and bonny allow an utterly despicable act occur right In front of his own eyes.Of course, being the weak and nearly morally empty character Buddy Is, he chose to let It happen. A stronger, more resellers character would more than likely opt to Intervene In this because they would have the mental strength to overcome It. Unlike Buddy, Jane Is a very resilient character and through all of the inflict and problems in her life, she always has the strength to bounce back. Two trashing, despite the considerable amount of physical damage to the house, mental damage to the whole family, and both physical and mental damage to Karen, Jane alleviate finds the strength to get on with her life.Sure, she is noticeably rattled from the occurrence, but she fluent finds a reason to smile. That reason is Buddy. But after things with Buddy go down the drain and she is forced to part ways with him as thoroughly as her claim to happiness and respite from everything bad in her life, she nonoperational engages to move on rather steadily. Ask yourselves year 11, if there is anyone you turn in that you would associate with either of these characters traits. If you do, Ill wager that the Jane grammatical case character you know does not get along all too well with the Buddy role character.This is because strong and weak individuals obviously oppose each other, and their two personalities a good deal conflict with each other. Likely, the Jane type character somewhat dislikes the Buddy type character you know, but the Buddy type is rather impartial to the Jane type. The Buddys in our lives are often the type of errors to Just let things happen around them, while something may affect them in one way or another, they are generally not too bothered by it unless it is quite a burdening occurrence.We begin to detect this Buddy-Jane con flict in the scene where Buddy goes to Canes temporary apartment to try and talk things over with her. Jane, of course because of her impudently discovery that Buddy was involved in the trashing of her house, is tired of Buddy. Tired of his hesitancy and general indecisiveness. It is evident that she has gotten sick of Buddys weakness as a person, and the resilience f their relationship has now worn out.Year 11, resilience is a extreme human characteristic that we all need throughout the course of our lives. If you as a person are struggling to get back up while and time again, my advice to you is this Dont let things get to you too much, and block out needless sources of conflict. Like Jane, causes for grievance should be grieved over, but briefly and very occasionally. Because the about important thing in life, as corny as it sounds, is happiness. As they say year 11, lifes for the living, so live it. Or youre better off dead.

EPC Plant Equipment Maintenance Process

Man-hours of Planned WOW Standby Man-hours ratio 0 no(prenominal) Of Standby Man-hours / No. Of total Man-hours Mean work-order execution of instrument time (Days) nourishment follow and cost ratio 0 Total victuals cost per month / Total equipment book value 0 Differentiated value for man-hours and sp are-parts 0 Divided in separated categories of equipment (rotary, fixed, facilities, etc. ) Measured periodic Level 1 cross-functional map of the current serve upWe at EPIC ca-ca been able to produce and deliver high quality, high-value chemicals to our customers through modern process technologies and hallucinated equipment and facilities. However, The ever increasing competition in the market requires us to conquer our plant keep costs and improve maintenance productivity by reducing non-value-adding activities and idle times, optimizing our manpower and machinery resource allocation, reducing spare-parts inventories, and minimizing the equipment idle-time and maintenance/ pr ocurance delays. These objectives may not be achieved unless we review, assess, and improve our maintenance planning and execution processes.To achieve an acceptable level of maintenance quality and productivity aimed at increasing production reliability and continuation, we have proposed to initiate a large abstract of maintenance processes, targeted at 50% reduction in maintenance costs and time, 30% reduction in spare parts inventory, and an modal(a) inter-overhaul period of at least 8 years. Implementing the above initiative get out hopefully enable us to maintain our cost leadership and carry on at the top of the domestic chemicals market. Review/analysis of the current province and its problems/issues As cited in the section n symptoms/problems and the root typesetters case analysis chart, The most basic symptoms of the maintenance process which are manifested in the natural customers dissatisfaction are delayed execution and poor quality of maintenance work.These are mainly attributed to unskilled maintenance workers, poor coordination and cooperation between production and maintenance workers, and long procurement procedures, which result in several losses 0 Downtime from breakdown and changeover times 0 Speed losses (when equipment fails to insure at its optimum speed) 0 Idling and minor stoppages due to the aberrant operation of sensors, blockage of work on hates, etc. 0 exploit defects due to scrap and quality defects to be repaired 0 Reduced conduct in the period from machine start-up to stable production. But the ultimate cause of all these inefficiencies lies in the non-optimized function-oriented hierarchical organization within the maintenance and early(a) company-wide departments. In fact, this last phenomenon is the cause of fragmented processes and unnecessary control and inspection, which in turn hinder employees motivation and empowerment as well as cause very long cycles of spare-parts procurement. Initial improvements- Strea mlining

Mr. Jim Wormold, the Unlikely Optimist in “Our Man in Havana”

According to the online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, reliance is the all(a)egiance to duty or a person incorruptiblety (1) fidelity to ones contracts (2) sincerity of intentions. The concept of religion can cleverly be disguised as a purely phantasmal byproduct possessed primarily by the followers of a religious be lief system or spiritual path. However, cartel scarce means a strong trust in something or person. corporate trust is to commit oneself to act based on life experience to justify rationalization, only if without sufficient proof.To find a faith in someone or something also involves an act of entrust to persevere when the odds ar at great length. Even though the protagonist, Jim Wormold doesnt have religious faith and his actions motivated entirely by desperation to have the favourable reception of an absent wife and spoiled daughter, he is the only character that doesnt exhibit blind faith. Faith is closely related to loyalty, as testify by the ideal of fidelity to ones promises or an infixed faithfulness. Faith is non an uniquely religious principle, still it is a byproduct of entrusting loyalty.And both loyalty and faithfulness have connections to trustworthiness. Loyalty can non hold up without faith. Wormolds faith is engrossed to the loyalty of his daughter. As stated in Chapter 2, Unlike Wormold, who believed in nothing, Milly was a Catholic he had been made to promise her mother, he vatical, was of no faith at all, but she had left a Catholic on his hands. It brought Milly closer to Cuba than he could come himself (Greene, 15). When marrying, Wormold promised his wife they would hoist their children as Catholics. Even when his wife leaves he pertains to raise Milly as a Catholic.Although it appears that he himself is absent of a religious faith, his actions to ensure she is Catholic be very significant. Wormold failed in his marriage, but doesnt want to fail in raising his daughter with the right upbrin ging. Wormold is wholly dedicated and governed by the main(prenominal) woman in his life, his daughter Milly. She is the entire reason for him becoming regard in the secret Service. By all accounts he should have spurned Hawthornes offer. He has no background or training of either benignant that would qualify him to be a spy. However, he sees a chance to dismantle off some money and he exploits it.He not only takes the basic contribute of $300 offered him, but goes out of his way to make as overmuch money as possible by creating phantom agents and missions all requiring more money, which of course he uses on his daughter. The following quote presents the reasoning why Wormold accepts Hawthornes offer. Milly wants a horse and a body politic club social station for her seventeenth birthday although she knows Wormold cannot suffer the extra expenses of such a gift. ,Oh, I knew youd take it like this, Milly said. I knew it in my heart of hearts. I said two novenas to make it right, but they havent worked.I was so c areful too. I was in a state of grace all the time I said them. Ill neer believe in a novena again. Never. Never. () He had no faith himself, but he never wanted by any action of his own to weaken hers. at once he felt a fearful responsibility at any moment she would be denying the existence of God. Ancient promises he had made came up out of the past to weaken him. (18) In the given quote, Milly begins to doubt whether her prayers will be answered. It is obvious she takes advantage of her capture and asks for anything even if she knows her father cannot afford it.In fear of Milly becoming skeptical of her Catholic faith, Wormold keeps the horse as he had made ancient promises to his wife to raise a good Catholic. Wormolds fear of his daughter, or at least the fear of her reproach is brought to realization. Wormold has a great love for his daughter and wants to give her everything she wants so that he can succeed as a single parent and amend faults he committed to his wife. He sees direct parallels to his daughter with his wife. Wormold failed at his marriage, but he intends to succeed in rearing their child.Several times throughout the fiction, Milly manipulates and controls her father with a similarity to her mother. He feels distant and detached from her world and a lot gives into her requests. He was glad that she Milly could still accept fairy stories a utter(a) who bore a child, pictures that wept or spoke words of love in the dark. Hawthorne and his kind were equally credulous, but what they swallowed were nightmares, grotesque stories out of science simile (75). Wormold compares the significance of Millys Catholic faith to that of a childhood fairytale as it ensures she maintains her innocence and faith in something without skepticism.This critique of Catholicism is similar to the Santa Claus myth. Parents lie to their children nigh the existence of an imaginary entity in hopes to instill principles of goodness and godliness in their children. Wormolds lack of religious faith is a result of a moral discrepancy. His wife was apparently a devote Catholic but still managed to overlook her marriage and run off with another man. righteousness for the protagonist, Wormold is irrelevant. On the other hand, to have a faith that things will continue being advantageous isnt considered far-fetched.Our Man In Havana takes limit against the background of the Cold contend. The British Secret Service is operated by heresy and the fear of expansion of the Communist regime. The novels setting in Havana Cuba is important because the story is written and takes place just out front the revolution led by Fidel Castro. At the time of the story, Cuba is a for the most part poor country. There are many a(prenominal) European and American tourists and business battalion on the island who have their personal agendas and respective loyalties. Wormold remarks virtually this in discontinue 5 of C hapter 4 You are loyal. Who to? To Milly.I dont care a damn about men who are loyal to the people who pay them, to organizations I dont count on even my country means all that much. There are many countries in our blood, arent there, but only one person. Would the world be in the mess it is if we were loyal to love and not to countries? (195) The paranoia surrounding the Cold War is what drives the Secret Service to recruit agents so quickly without giving them proper(ip) training. Loyalty is a recurring theme throughout Greenes novel and questions the validity of the ability to have a loyalty to a country when residing in another.Espionage is rampant because the fear of a Communist threat appears imminent. Consequently, they are so desperate for any information that they are very fire when they get Wormolds fake reports. Their desire to outmaneuver the Communists overshadows their common sense. The British Secret Service engages in a prime example of blind faith with enlisti ng Jim Wormold. Hawthorne, the British secret agent who recruits Wormold, is not revered as an outstanding agent and isnt trusted by his superiors. This may be a result in his questionable judgment for selecting new recruits.Although the British secret Service prides itself to employ agents who were men of good social standing, Hawthorne lies about Wormolds full-strength occupation and social standing by embellishing it Oh, he imports, you know, Machinery, that sort of thing. It was always important to ones own course to employ agents who were men of good social standing. The petty details on the secret file dealing with the store in Lamparilla Street would never, in ordinary circumstances, reach this basement-room (52). Later, Hawthorne suspects Wormolds reports may be falsified, but does nothing about it.In Part 4 of Chapter 2 Dr. Hasselbacher states, At first they promised me they were planning nothing. You have been very useful to them. They knew about you from the very begi nning, Mr. Wormold, but they didnt take you seriously. They even thought you might be inventing your reports. But then you changed your codes and your staff increased. The British Secret Service would not be so slow deceived as all that, would it? (146) Faith is a suspension of disbelief. This is vital for believing in things that cant be proven, and as such is a personal decision for the individual.The constituent of the British Secret Service is to rely heavily on sources that cannot be easily confirmed. They have to put much trust in people like Wormold. While it is likely that most of them are reliable and restless intelligence gatherers, there are few checks and balances in place to confirm they are not. The information they provide is obviously secret and not easily verifiable. This is dangerous because decision makers have to much of their faith on these sources when make serious decisions.When wrong information gets through the system, whether it is intentionally wrong or not, it resulted in disastrous consequences as several people do in fact die indirectly because of Wormolds fake reports. The Secret Service is supposed to be a highly competent organization, but in candor they are unwittingly relying on Wormold who is neither qualified nor a loyal patriot of the British Crown. If you have abandoned one faith, do not abandon all faith. There is always an alternative to the faith we lose. Or is it the same faith under another mask? The idea of faith being either religious or not is purely semantics. For Wormold it is not a matter if he has faith, but who or what he places his faith in. Throughout the novel, Wormold exhibits optimism that he will be able to preserve a decent livelihood for himself and his daughter through playing up the insecurities and paranoia of the British secret service. Through the depiction of Wormold, Greenes Our Man In Havana suggests that true faith is not blinded by fear of attack of an unacknowledged enemy or mythol ogy of an ominous being, but loyalty to ones individual morals and loved ones.