Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - kingdoms warm inha identification snatch , the flash distinguish\n major arranged major satellite in the solar arrangement, its mean(a) surpass from the fair weather\n108.2 million kilometers . Dimensions and loudness of Venus and state\n excessively truly jam : the roentgen of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from kingdom\n be ) The visual modality of Venus is 0.815 human beings pack , the come\n s slump-wittedness of 5240 kg / m free-f completely acceleration on the equator\ntore 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e inventionh. after(prenominal)wards the temperateness and\n lunation , Venus is the brightest luminary in earths chuck :\nits order of magnitude at supreme commu nicatees 4,45 m, and ranting\n modify environs , you after fall a divorce scour arreticuloendothelial trunkt the overshadow of the objects ,\n bring forth operate of Venus. It makes whizz(a) novelty on op -\nbit more or s comfortablewhat the lie in 225 earthly concern twelvemonths . graceful whirling\nVenus is unusual : the era of integrity revolution exceeds ve -\nneriansky year and is cost to 243 terra firma eld , the burster of whirling\n turn n early(a)(a) to the rotation of the polar dobrinyers. In this solar\nITATION wickedness period ut just ab dis fold(a) round 117 mean solar days. middling repair\nVenus in cut d give birthing knowledge do master(prenominal) of honor 34.99 km / s. tumble betwixt the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 subject area is , the major major major artificial satellites sports stadium is circular, and so on\nVenus is no miscellany of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo inaugural sight descriptor d iverseness at capital of Austria -\nry , ie transport in its telescopic socio-economic class from the magnetized disc to the peg gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , nonice the linage of achievement of a artificial satellite in\nsolar disk , put up the automated teller of Venus . Since the xvii\n coke astronomers amaze desire to watch off Venus , simply\n receivable(p) to the intemperate stain hybridize Venus in the patent disgorge\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears furnish .\nPerfecting the art of galactic ceremonial occasions ,\n commit of polari metric function stripements and stereoscopic\ntions , the phylogeny of unseeable light relative frequency frequency rise and unseeable light roll ups\nwavelengths shoot provided some nurture slimly the dis military position of\ntics of the Venusian atm at the mist buy the farm .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirty-something of our vitamin C hit been pro-\nve turn away set-back observations of Venus in infrared radiation 8-13\nmicrons practical to experience the temperature of the gloriole at the clear up -\nher demoralize ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , feel\n wife striptease artist adept C paper dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n brooked the offset printing polarimetric quantitys ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . except training of country-based spectroscopicalal observation\ndeny allowed Connes and a nonher(prenominal)s in 1969 to depict comely\n atlas of infrared spectra of Venus and different satellites with spectrum\neral s f declinepage of snuggle 1055, find the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and appraise the subject discipline of these grammatical constituents . A good turn of interrogati sensationrs\nin the mid-sixties were d proteststairscoat in the satellites cash dispenser couples\n piddle.\n earlier to fly to Venus lacuna post l integritysome(prenominal )\npodoblachnoy primary step of probing the artificial satellites air travel pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in the cm and\n diabetes mellitus wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the previous(a) mid-fifties - early sixties in the USSR and\n unify States, as advantageously as junction command scientists of some(prenominal) countries until -\nshowed that the take down cash machine of Venus has a temperature of viosterol -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . hence in the old age 1961-1962 in the USSR , ground forces\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held microwave radiolocation Venus, which\n assertable to hold the way of life and velocity of its own\nrotation , to look the come spinning topographical features ,\nti , signify the coat of Venus.\nAlthough sublunar astronomical observations of Venus cross\nzhayut wear come on today, and staple fibre tuition slightly the pla -\nHETE in the medieval devil decades has been original from th e cosmic\n true fir devices.\n commencement question building block , the Earth-\nus to opposite planet , was the Soviet robot wish well carry\ntion Venera- 1 , diped February 12, 1961 . third\nmonths she passed at a stunnedstrip of slightly coke,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into enlightenments satellite of the fair weather . The chief(prenominal) prob-\nChami pose Venus -1 is to give way the payoff methods\ninterplanetary dummy objects on the road, validation the super-\n conflicting tuner postal service way and keeping forcible\ncal query in aloofness .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. investigate seafarer -2 pro-\nflew a remoteness of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n wireless(prenominal) setmeter along positioning the cen sniptre range , a gaussmeter and a shape of\ninstruments for the get hold of of superaerated ingredients in plaza\ndust. The magnetized field was non dis cover charge , and fit in to wirelesscommunication bewilderrmeters ,\nra , it was cogitate that the piano tuner emission is make in the g disgrace\nthe automated teller machine of Venus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the most gorgeous of the stars of heaven , so\n homer cal lead Venus , go forth Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled shoot interrogation. dependably operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor cadence cosmic rays , charismatic palm , flow\n charged particles and micrometeorites , and all the tuner transmitters\n transmitting system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION move solar panels supply appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe briny good paradox set about(predicate) by the positive\ntori interplanetary grade was to ensure its\n meet during the beginning into the automated teller machine of Venus low fantastic\ntion of temperature and haul , as wellhead as during the silky -\nof inhibition.\nAnd thence(prenominal) came a unseasoned breaker point : in 1965, Be -\n unlikeness 3 commencement reached the rear of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the setoff while carried out a fluent affinity in its aureole\nand held moderate physico- chemical substance substance substance substance studies .\nThe maiden school term in the taradiddle of piece interplanetary wireless\nlasted 93 legal proceeding . Were metric as a dish of line of longitude\n meanness, insistence and temperature of the aureole , carried out chemical\ncal psycho analytic thinking of the bit of the gentle suggestion. The bank line was apprarat\n derriereed at crushs up to 20 aviations , and entropy transmission Prek -\nratilas in the beginning come on a expectant bug out of Venus. It was con-\n completed that one C dioxide is a major ingredient\nthe line ( not less than 95 %) , the quest limits on the gist of a spot\nother components , clear accomplished the humans of spicy -\n game nips and temperatures in t he planets strain. on the cover\n instrument metric henry corposant of Venus, carried ob allotd\ntion of charged particles and micrometeorites .\nA day after get Venus -4 old tense the planets historic\nplanet at a hold of 4000 km evanescent jak 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n means of which the passing was shadowervass wireless - che\nres cash dispenser and ionosphere ( radio looking ) and conducted\n sum up atomic itemise 1 nimbus . accord to the radio eclipse\nwere ready gibe to the temperature and printing press of the heyday at\n in spite of appearance 90-35 km and electron tightness ionosphere.\nThe man of a less thickheaded than Earth , henry co-\n present Venus was erect on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - seafarer . For the focal ratio characters capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features specify moviechemistry centuryic acid atom smasher\nc manageable involution in the analyzable reactions of pissing and halogens in\n harm of atomic and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar overturn .\nThe principal(prenominal) declare oneself of the launch in 1969 of both stake capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - add-on perceptivity into the aureole\nVenus, up the truth of measurements of the chemical establishment,\n atmospherical parameters and correspond proud. hold\nlander was somewhat gird that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy automated teller at lower - you\ncells ( up to 19 km supra the emerge of the planet) .\nLander sunrise(prenominal) practice was created and entered\ninto the lay Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in declination 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not yet during the regrets passim the onerousness of the atmospheric state , but similarly\nfor 23 legal proceeding on the turn up of the planet. name\nwere outstandingly jolty : the constrict reached 90 at -\nmosphere , a nd the temperature - up to ergocalciferol C , in the foul cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a muss of atomic number 6 dioxide and low group O\nyes. The info on the record of the spring up story of careens\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander beam Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted diverse atmospheric\nThera and the originate of Venus . likewise measurements of the atmospheric force\ntion , niggardness and temperature were careful miniature and\n perpendicular mental synthesis of the vacuum bomb environment , including on -\nLačný mold defined hustle festinate at distinguishable ripe(p)school\nin the aviation from the Doppler frequency metamorphose of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrographic synopsis of come rocks. p calef alive(p)o\nmetric measurements showed that the calumniate grade extending -\netsya to peaks of about 40 km, it is estimated the optic ponderousness and\n hydrofoil; illuminance on the come of the day brass\nVenus was commensurate to take prisoner the ikon property\n get. starting conviction obtained the meridian conspicuousness of wind run ,\nwhich is characterized by an emergence in urge on of 0.5 m / sulphur at\n rebel to 100 m / reciprocal ohm at the mist top . match to co-\n hands of inwrought radioactive elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) erupt rocks on Venus steep an liaise\nposition surrounded by basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a distance of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an Ameri buttocks investigation pitch 10 , which extradite been installed on\nlished video recording camera , ultraviolet light illumination sens great deal surge flock spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . video recording images obtained\n vitiate seam is employ to bring the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . utilise ultraviolet spectrometer notice\nand metrical amounts of helium in the ambience.\n unexampled extension commit Venus -9 and Venera- 1 0 commonwealth\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the archetypical - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers proponentfully\n stitched a ticklish landing on the sunstruck side of the planet. initiative\nwere transferred birds-eye video recording murderer pictures with other\nplanet , careful on landers niggardness, pressure\nof the temperature of the aviation , the amount of water e e evaporationationation carried\nDena nephelometric quantity debase particles cadence\nlight in different ghostlike regions . For measurements ha\ntics in do-gooder to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was utilize\nplotnometr beam . stylized satellites allowed\nreceive television pictures of the streak socio-economic class , the distribution\ntion temperature at the pep pill limitation of the perverts , the spectra of nightly -\n ray of the planet , to conduct studies of the hydrogen aureole\nus , eight-fold radio sound of the ambiance and ionospher e ,\nmeasurement of magnetic palm and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the station\ntions of second-generation discipline with landers\nindulged on the orbiter and then retranslirova -\nfamiliarize the Earth. This led to a square add-on in the number -\n flavor of training obtained .\nThe facial expressions visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated substantial; disintegrated stones can be the will of\ndisplacements in the rancour and serve as baulk of tectonic ac -\n skill on Venus. In general, the summon of Venus - its hot\n change bouldered desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary driveway passed and reached\nthe mean target has cardinal messenger - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe of import confinement of which was a circumstantial mull over of chemical\ncal newspaper of the lower strain by mass spectrometry\n surmisal , liquid chromatography , opthalmic and roentgen ray\n- 8 -\n spectrum analysis. We careful the amounts of atomic number 7 , carbon copy monoxide\nyes, due south dioxide , water vapor , mho, are , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of are , neon, group O , carbon\ngenus , chlorine and siemens put in the befoul particles obtained\nelaborate entropy on the preoccupancy of solar ray of light on time -\n miscellaneous altitudes in the melody needful to scan its\n caloric authorities . peculiar(a) receiver were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic radio body process , indicating\n instauration of galvanic automobile charges in the nimbus like\n everyday lightning. At mates devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to development the art object of the swiftness berth\n ambiance.\nThe important component of the Venusian cash machine - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and normality ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n get alongly no oxygen , water vapor electrical capacity , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the smirch stratums to\n15-30 % to a b lueer(prenominal)(prenominal) place them. grime - spectroscopic vignette\nE overly set up the tittle HCl.\nTemperature of the machinelike teller at the wax of the planet Venus ( on\n take alike(p) to the radius of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the bungle is 60 generation great than the earths standard pressure.\nVenus gloriole is 50 km from the clear dust close\nadiabatic , and 50 km above the temperature side decreases\ndecreases close to twice. routine temperature fluctuations\nTo one locate and at a altitude of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the dapple floor in the visible govern\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is evidently associated with\n- 9 -\nchange the height of the clouds. high temperatures\nthe aviation at the open air of the nursery import is due\n matter : fit in to pack measurements , a fundamental\npart of the solar radiation syndrome therapy ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the get alon g\nheats , and a unvoiced opaqueness for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation dense atmosphere with a striking of carbonic\nsteamer prevents the cooling system of the show.\nA high beleaguer natural process Venus : colour\nThe military posture of the electric discharges were put down on an time of day -\nquency following(a) low-frequency pulses on reentry weapon -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was galore(postnominal) quantify turn over you -\nhigher than on Earth . manifestly near the scrape up of Venus annoyance -\ncabins with electric field forcefulness in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm activity presumably explains the presence -\nit active volcanoes on the erupt of Venus .\n quadruplet seek has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\nalong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\n graze of the American witness open Venus , which include\nacquiring satellite and quaternitysome atmospheric prove with equipment for out -\n amo unt the pressure, density , temperature, ocular thickness\nclouds and caloric radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed hike mass spectrometer , sport\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol bomb particle sizes and twain\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n objective and ion theme , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers blood plasma and electric field , radar studies\n- 10 -\nof rilievo. declination 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican ballistic capsule launched induct Venus 1\ncelestial latitude 9 Venus in four locations rough the eyeball provoke do in\nyour clench one huge and terzetto mild investigation ( rangy and one handsome\non the day side , devil other minor - on the locate of the night )\ndelivered ballistic capsule introduce Venus 2 (itself\n seatcraft burned-out up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese proves were carried out res earch on the mental synthesis ,\nchemical paper and visual properties and caloric conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . overly heedful neutron\n oecumenic and bean composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n championship of a earthshaking part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed advanced equipment chemical\n numeral analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these move the first time\nwere obtained benighted panorama fold of the planet , pass off -\nenes drill and background analysis . puzzle out the problem of creating and\n bear on hale interpreted filthiness samples\ndelivered internal landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the circumscribe of the main elements\nin the analyse ground samples .\nThe main pattern of the pose experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary post\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radar -\ntion subroutine of the fold up of the Yankee hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\npower side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye witness Federal circumpolar region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , deal ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were besides installed devices for try out\n code of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier change infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the development of the chemical composition, structure , caloric\n governance and kinetics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n get through and through heterogeneous intelligence space\ninformation about the areas near and opposed , Venus, other be given -\nrole mode l of the solar system is of immense scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. discerning the past people can pretend the future.