Asian History: Review Essay

A. pass the entrance of Chinese culture on Heian japan.In the Taika and Nara, Nipponese peaked in their selective borrowing from Chinese culture. In 646, the lacquerese time-tested to introduce the Taika Reforms, to change the majestic organization to resemble the Chinese(thought it had bantam effect in Heian Period).Previously, Japanese scholars tried know Chinese characters and wrote dynastic histories a coherent(p) those used by emperor butterfly butterflys in mainland chinaw atomic number 18. In the Heian period, Japanese consciousness grew and Chinese influence was reduced to a miniskirtmum.B. Describe Court Life during the Heian periodCourt Life during the Heian period is like the life of elites in America. Social status was skillful about important, love personal matters were car park, and gossip was abundant. The members of imperial house take overs and leading aristocratic families lived in a Gordian of palaces and gardens which the Japanese saw as nearl y appealing. There were fraudificial lakes and delicately gardens in e actually courtiers living quarters. Writing verse and poems were valued art types and were full of Japanese Classics and Chinese allusions.C. What led to the decline of imperial indicant within Japan?While the emperor was goofing off, aristocratic families were trying to pass the imperial bureaucracy and create the most influence. One of them, the Fujiwara held quite a bit of influence over the imperial affairs, with m all members of their family in the velocity administration as well as increased marriage of Fujiwaras into the imperial family. All these aristocratic families whittled down imperial control and tackd it with their control. Buddhist monasteries tried to do feeler in power as well, creating secret texts and ceremonies to read cooperation between them and the court aristocrats.D. How did the rise of provincial warrior elites change Japanese Institutions?The rise of provincial warrior elites d rastically changed Japanese institutions. As the imperial government step by step lost control, elite families created small fortresses where the Bushi, warrior leaders created a mini assure inside. This created much crime and conflict, which in turn created a new warrior consort, the samurai. The samurai lived by a code of family honor and death rather than defeat. All these factors created a feudal type order that replaced the weakened imperial administration. E. Describe social, governmental, and economic institutions during the Bafuku Age.The Bafuku Age was a military government that was established by the Minamoto later they defeated the Taira house. The leader of Minamoto after the victory was an unfit leader who weakened the Minamoto power. after a few equally bad successors, the Minamoto was dominate by the Hojo family who was content with allowing the Minamoto to be the face of the formal normals. This created a ternion tiered system of rules where the Hojo had re al power, and manipulated the Minamoto who claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto. In early 14th century the Minamoto tried to replace the Kamukura regime with their own regime, resulting in conflicts with the exiled emperor and the Minamoto. After this, civil and political strife was rampant and the collapse of centralized authority led to to a greater extent conflict which ended with a division of Japan into many little kingdoms.F. To what extent did Vietnam and Korea accept and reject Chinese influences?The Koreans were able to resist Chinese control in the beginning, but after the fall of the Han and Koguryo, a jounce of sinification began. Buddhism was the link between chinawargon and Korea and the Koreans adored the Buddhist art and buildings. Chinese writing and a unified law code like that of Han China was introduced. Universities were established so Korean youths could try learning the Confucian classics. The ruler tried to establish a Chinese style bureaucr acy non inappropriate the Taika Reforms, but was jilted by the noble families and thus never happened.The Vietnamese put up more(prenominal)(prenominal) resistance than the Koreans because of their desire to hold onto their own identity and the fear of becoming start of China. They did trade with the Chinese but kept much of their own language and culture distinct. When Han China began to take over Vietnam, the elite of Vietnam allowed the agents of the Chinese regime to integrate Chinese culture into Vietnam. The usual sinification began that was not unlike Koreas. There were sporadic revolts by Vietnamese aristocracy and ultimately frustrated the Chinese hope to realise their culture into the Vietnamese.G. Which classes and institutions were largely sinified in Korea and Vietnam?In Korea, the scholars and elites were mostly sinified. Although the peasantry did incorporate more or less parts of Buddhism into their lives, the elites and educated were mostly sinified they mad e Chinese type bureaucracies and ingest both the language and culture of Buddhism into their lives. In Vietnam, the lower class and high class were more equally sinified than in Korea. The lower class choose agri heathen techniques to make Vietnam a heavy producer of agriculture. The Upper class took in political and military organization to help improve their agitate against the next countries. Schools were as well as built to educate the youth in Chinese scripts and made exams to qualify administration posts. H. How did Korea and Vietnam maintain political independence from China?Korea maintained political independence from China by the Koguryo resisting the invasion than taking hold control when the Chinese control weakened. The warriors of Koguryo were heavily resistant to the Chinese conquerors at initiatory, but were routed when the Tang allied with the Silla and demolished the Paekche and finally ended the Koguryo. The Silla tho began to have conflicts with the Chine se that ended with the Chinese leaving peninsula and the Silla being a vassal of China.Vietnam had al directions been resistant to the Chinese even thought they were unceasingly attacked and finally conquered by them. Their struggle for independence was fierce and many uprisings occurred by means ofout the country. When political turmoil and nomadic attacks occurred in China, the Vietnamese tried to depose their independence. This didnt fully work and in the end, a massive rebellion when the Tang fell made the Vietnamese fully independent. VocabularyA. Taika Reforms Reforms instituted in 646 that aimed to completely change the imperial administration to resemble the Chinese absolutist style emperor B. Heian Period A period where Buddhist monks became progressively bold and powerful that a clever prelate almost matrimonial the empress. After this ordeal, the emperor fled to Heian, a new capital city and forbade any monasteries to be built in the city (Though the monasteries fo und a way around it). The Taika reforms were later abandoned and the aristocratic families were reinstated. Time when Chinese influence was reduced C. Kami Nature spirits, Japanese word for divinityD. Bushi Warrior leaders who controlled mini fortresses and built up their own army of samurai E. Samurai Mounted troops devoted to the local lords and not to the court or aristocracy F. Seppuku Ritual disembowelment, part of the death rather than defeat/capture G. Bakufu Military government, literally heart tent in Japanese H. Shogun military leaders, like a mini emperor but not entirely I. Daimyos Another way of axiom Bushi but this was when Japan was divided into 300 small kingdoms J. Gatekeepers Scholar nobility of Chinese civlization K. Sinification Adoption of Chinese cultureL. Tribute states Separate states that come and give tribute to another state had conquered them M. Kowtow Showing look upon by bowing down to someone, originated in China Document analysisA. What ideas in the documents are1. Chinese?-The Chinese poetry keeped that was exchanged in the first paragraph. The mention of a (most likely) Chinese tale of an emperor who had a wizard bring him a comb from his lost love. The icon of the Chinese Lady and the instrumentalist Chung Tzu-Chi are also Chinese ideas. The battle image has Han and Chu type swords in them, both likely were swords from a period in China. The polish paragraph has mention of ones filial duty, something that most likely originated from the filial piety of China.2. Buddhist (Indian)?-The Karma and debt mention in the first paragraph are Buddhist ideas. The abbot mentioned in the second to last paragraph is implied to be one of a Buddhist monastery. 3. Japanese?- The emperor concluded that the boy should be named either Minamoto or Genji, both Japanese clans. 4. Vietnamese?- The thought in the first document that the girl should not shirk her debt of grief to fate hints that she should remain strong, a Vietnam type know ledge B. How are the documents similar? Different?The documents are similar in that they mention similar things. They show the influence of another country and of Buddhism. The changes brought by these influences are also shown. The documents are different in that the Tale of Genji has a pistillate character which can suggest that females had more privileges in Japan. The Tale of Kieu shows more influence from many different states then in the Tale of Genji, which shows just one. C. What would account for the differences?The proximity with which the origin of the documents could have something to do with the influence it receives from neighboring states. Vietnam and Korea would show more influence from each other and China whereas Japan would have less because it is separated by ocean. D. How would you summarize the degree of Sinification of neighboring cultures? Korea received and kept a good amount of the culture of China. To this very day they have a similar culture and charact ers in writing. Vietnam did wash up some culture/technology from China but mostly rejected the idea. Japan received Chinese culture very well at first, but during the Heian Period, they rejected it. E. How have the Vietnamese and Japanese maintained their ethnical identities? They resisted heavily against the Chinese and were able to keep their culture relatively untainted. After independence, they were able to nurture it with only a little bit of Chinese influence that was left over.Photo EssaysA. Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures are syncretic blends of unlike and indigenous cultural elements. Identify these elements in the above icons 1. Chinese- The first photo in pg 286 shows the influence of Buddhism, which, though Indian, was transferred by China. The photo in pg 290 shows a painting in a Chinese style with buildings with ceiling most likely made with tiles, a Chinese development. In pg 291, the art style, like in pg 290, is a Chinese type style. The landscape pain ting in pg 298 is a Chinese style with a little excerpt in Chinese in the top left corner. The photo on the flop shows a Chinese building type with a slew roof. The photos afterward show little if not zero Chinese influence/cultural elements. 2. Buddhist- The photo in pg 286 shows a Buddhist temple and garden. In pg 290 there is evidence of a garden in the background, which is a Buddhist development. In pg 291 there is also evidence of a garden.In pg 298, the Golden marquise is built with a curved tile roof, showing a air of the simplicity in Zen Buddhism. The photos afterward show no Buddhist cultural elements. 3. Indigenous elements-The many open hallways in pg 286 show a Japanese touch to a construction that is both Chinese and Buddhist. The painting in 290 and 291 show a Japanese element in the trees (indigenous to Japan) and the extremely decorated style of dress. The pitcher in pg 301, shows a nearly uniform Korean culture, since neither Chinese nor Buddhist pottery loo ks like this. In pg 304, there is a painting of the samurai, something only found in Japan. B. canvass and contrast western European and Japanese feudal military societies. Japan and European feudal system had a set of values that embraced most of the sight in the system.They also had highly militaristic and many times went through long centuries of warfare from the feudal loyalties and rivalries. Both had virtues or codes that their warriors lived by. Feudalism also left both with a lasting effect, where the warrior class would outlast feudalism and run rampant throughout the country. In Europe however, the feudal system was based on contracts with each other whereas in Japan they relied more heavily on group loyalties. Europe also had parliamentary institutions unlike Japan, who had less institutionalized group thought. C. Compare and contrast the religious architectures of the Christians, Shinto, Buddhists, and Muslims.What elements are universal and transcendental, and which a re local, ethnic, or particular to an individual society? Shrines and temples were common in all of these religions. They were all used by worshippers and were uniformly sacred. Buddhists had more gardens and aesthetic qualities. Shinto stressed that there should be simplicity and had curved roofs made by tiles. Christians had large stone churches that were huge in simile to the other type of architectures. Muslim architecture was huge but not as much as Christians.