Byzantine times: The effect on women

snarly times The effect on womenAn norm womanhood in the fifth p artistic creation and sixth centuries of the involved Empire did not cede a whopping role in public society.1In fact, it was common for her to not be seen in public at all. It was standard for baffling women to get marry around twelve to thirteen age old due to an position marriage chosen by her p atomic number 18nts. Once married she spent some of her time at dental plate. Occasionally a woman was allowed to leave her plateful to att abrogate to church service building, festivals, marriages, births, visit relations, or go to public baths. These were the precisely activities in society accept able where a woman could to leave her ho exercise.2How constantly, if a woman must venture outside, she must run through her pillow slip coered by a veil at all times and be come with by a man. Though veils were high-mindedly sh bear in Byzantine art institute, this was a social standard for women. The wearing of veils very much represented the difference amidst an honest women and a prostitute.3Even in her own home, a Byzantine woman had to endure gender inequalities. During meals she was not allowed to dine with men contrary of her relations. More often than not, she would be eating alone separate from men.4For her education, she was taught skills only useful for a house wife. If a woman was in midsection to upper class, she was commonly taught to read, write, and sing.5Women of regalty how incessantly, were given the opportunity to study treat and natural sciences with scholars in their courts.6Nevertheless education was usually second timbre comp atomic number 18d to the education given to men. Women could easily be described as cloistral as pri countersigners, though her prison walls were only the invisible judgments and rules cast by society.7Most women could not introduce in politics. A woman could not even testify in court for fear that her testimonial would be easily influ enced by her husband or associate. It is only in rargon cases where a man was not involved that a woman could testify.8 condescension what little influence and respect women had in public society, through home heart a woman could still easily influence her own husband, sons, br an opposite(prenominal)(a)s, and other male relations in her home life.9This influence could be subtle in a small Byzantine family or passing considerable if she was the wife of the emperor. Unlike men who could rise up to a policy-making position through military, or the church, for a women to gain political provide she had either be born or marry into aristocracy. born(p) in 399 A.D, Empress Pulcheria was the eldest daughter of Emperor Arcadius.10She was a devoted Christian that paved her way into power through her influence over her new-made brother Theodosios II. She eventually perkd the title of Augusta (Empress) which was the highest position a woman of relation to the Emperor could aspire to.1 1Pulcheria was just two twelvemonths older than Theodosios II simply had a great influence over him all his life. Though Pulcheria was the eldest born into royalty, she did not have often power as she would if she had been born male. Even with this gender disadvantage, she was extremely intelligent. At the age of 16, she swore a vow of chastity and in like manner influenced her younger sisters to do the same.12This was a way to sustain power that would be lost if she was pressure into marriage as well as stop the competition to her brothers throne.13The abstract thought she gave for her actions was due to her Christian fate, comparing the arrant(a) bloody shame as her heavenly counterpart.14Figure 1 depicts an ivory respite known as The transmutation of Relics drop dating around the year 420 A.D.15and was acquired by the Trier cathedral in 1844.16The carving measure 13.1 x 26.1 x 2.3 cm and has been lessened to a depth of 2 cm17. The Byzantines loved ivory and usually im ported it from India and Africa. The ivory of this specific piece has been speculated to have been imported from Africa do to its larger size.18The Translation of Relics Ivory depicts a attendion of heap in the streets followed by two priests riding a chariot pulled by mules. lead story this procession is an Emperor holding a flowerpotdle and ready to receive the relics is an Empress holding a mark in front of church doors. In the background atomic number 18 onlookers cheering waving incense and a church which is still under expression, still being complete for the relics to be run into. For m whatever years, the protagonists in this relief have been unidentifiable. Historians have comp ard the lives of Justin II, Maurice, and Phocas and their wives but strand no historical evidence which relates them to this scene.19In the late 70s, The Translation of Relics Ivory has been identified by historians, Kenneth G. Holum and Gary Vikan that the characters in this relief are like ly Empress Pulcheria, her brother Emperor Theodosios II and the relics given are the bones of Saint Stephen. The historians deducted this from compose evidence of a chronicler of the ninth century secernd Theophanes Confessor. In his communicative he wroteUnder the influence of the blessed Pulcheria, the pious Theodosius sent a easy donation to the archbishop of Jerusalem for distribution to the needy, and to a fault a golden cross studded with precious stones to be erected on Golgotha. In exchange for these gifts, the archbishop dispatched relics of the in force(p) arm of Stephen Protomaryr, in the care of St. Passarion Pulcheria arose taking her brother with her and went to greet the saintly relics. Receiving them into the palace, she founded a splendid chapel for the holy Protomartr, and in it she deposited the holy relics.20The narrative matched perfectly with the description of The Translation of Relics Ivory as well as another found narrative which proved that the bones of Saint Stephen had in fact come forwarded outside Jerusalem that time in December 416 and afterwardswards went under control of the bishop.21The church under construction is believed to be a church of St. Stephen.22An interesting detail to The Translation of Relics Ivory is the composition of the piece. The inherent focus of the image is on Pulcheria rather than the Emperor Theodosios II, her brother. Even Theodosios relief is still a bit further back than hers, as he is standing the right way next to her. This is a huge representation of Pulcherias power as she is the center of attention opposed to the Emperor himself.In her lifetime, Pulcheria had equip several(prenominal) new churches, close use to her patron saint the pure(a) bloody shame. It was well known that Virgin bloody shame deeply force her life to staying openly celibate for God. However during the fifth century the Virgin bloody shame was not a major trope in Constantinople.23Her choice for the Virgin bloo dy shame as her patron was not to advance women but obviously get rid of the stigma that women were the curse of eve, a curse which claimed that women where answerable for original sin.24It was similarly due to Pulcherias influence that the Virgin bloody shame would be again be known not just as the sustain of Christ (christotokos) but the Mother of God ( theotokos) when the statement was overturned.25Pulcherias intimately well-know church to the Virgin Mary is the Church of Saint Mary of Blacherne , which has in like manner been render in literature with names such as the Panagia of Blachernae and the Blachernae Monastery. The church started construction in 450 A.D. and was finished by her husband Marcian after Pulcherias death in 453 A.D.26The church was built around a pre-existing sacred flush called the Ayazma of Blacherne.27It is too said that Christians of Jerusalem had contributed a raiment that be extensiveed to the Virgin Mary as a relic for the church,28though ot her sources state that the robe was stolen.29Figure 2 shows the church before its second fire, and Figure 3 shows the current modern church after being rebuilt. The church focus around images of the Virgin Mary, which led to much(prenominal) destruction of its icons during the reign of Constantine V.30The church first ruin passel in 1070 from a fire but was rebuilt again using its old floor plans.31The church was completely burnt down yet again in 1434, this time from a imprudent fire ca utilize by children chasing pigeons on its roofs.32By the time Constantinople fell to the poof Turks in 1453, the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae no longer existed and the mess of Constantinople had to turn to different particulartys for the auspices Virgin Marys icons.33Figure 3 shows picture of the Virgin Blachernitissa. In 626 A.D., the Blachernitissa was credited for the protecting the city from an Avar attack as well as an Arab siege in 717. Thus this relics re sication grew to be known as a powerful Byzantine talisman of protection and was kept in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.34Though the figure head of this icon was a woman, it had huge veneration. The term Blachernitissa was a typeface of representation of the Virgin Mary named after the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae.35The icon shows Mary within it and was held in the Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae. The piece was overly within the church during its 1434 fire and was thought to be destroyed. It was a talisman that represented the protection of the citys walls.36Its absence was believed to be the fence why the Ottoman Turks succeeded their invasion only 19 years later.The year 730 was the start of the first iconoclastic point in time lasing until 787.37It started with Emperor king of beasts III, who reigned from 717-740. The motion-picture showoclasts believed that icons where malefic and led to the misinterpretation of the Catholic religion. As the Iconoclasts resorted back into sy mbols and scripture, they tore down icons, thinking them as heresy to their religion. When Leo III died in 740, his son Constantine V continued the ban of during his reign in 741-775.38It was during Constantine Vs reign, that the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae was attacked by iconoclasts. Constantine V ordered the destruction of the interior mosaics that represented a recent Testament cycle and replaced them with vegetal ornaments and pictures of birds.39It was fortunate however that the Icon of the Virgin Blachernitissa was hidden from destruction at this time.This first Iconoclastic period was stopped by Empress Irene. Irene acted in the name of her son Constatine VI, who was too young to rule at the time. She created and ordered the Second Council of Nicea, which supported Iconophiles.40As Iconophiles, they believed that images were also representing their religion and they were not wrong in using them. The Council condemned the opposition to icons as heresy. It is through Ire nes actions of the revival of icons that she earned the title of Saint in the classic Orthodox Church.The second iconoclastic period lasted 814-842. This time it was Emperor Leo V (reigning from 813-820) who instated this new wave of iconoclasm. It was speculated that it was to cure the recent military failure. Emperors Michael II and Theophilus who succeeded him were also iconoclasts. However after Theophilus died, he was succeeded by his son Michael III. Michael at the time was too young to reign so his mother Theodora acted as a regent for him. Similar to Irene, Theodora was an iconodule and was able to proclaim the restoration of icons. straightaway ever since the revival of icons, the first Sunday of Lent is celebrated as the Triumph of Orthodoxy. Figure 4 shows the Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy, a create that was painted on a wooden panel covered with gesso and linen. Its medium was egg tempera and gold leaf.41The center of the painting is a portrayal of the Virgin Mary, said to be painted by St. Luke. Empress Theodora and her son, Emperor Michael III, appear on the left of the portrait. On the right are three monks with the paterfamilias Methodios. This painting was painted more than 500 years after the end of iconoclasm during the time when the Byzantine Empire was under scourge of invasion by the Ottoman Turks.42Again as it is not usually common for a woman to be in the painting, Empress Theodora is shown next to her son in royal robes. Though she is not next to them, Theodora is shown at the same level as the bishops. In the center of the painting is the Blachernitissa, the Virgin Mary and child. The Virgin Mary was a celebrated icon of her woman status. It is not surprising that Irene and Theodora were iconophiles. Since the average Byzantine woman was housebound for the majority of their lives, most had a special dedication to religious practices involving icons.43It might be due to their life expressive style that women where the most affe cted when their precious icons where taken away.The influence women had and their relations to art during the Byzantine Empire shown to be very important. It is through the influence of the empresses Pulcheria, Irene and Theodora that impacted artwork despite a judgmental and men-driven environment that shadowed their lives. It is as fascinating and influential as the industrial plant themselves that these women were able to influence the Byzantine public and the artwork.Is Bit come across the Best Crypto gold?Is Bitcoin the Best Cryptocurrency?Is Bitcoin the most practical knead of cybercurrency?In 2009, the cosmos was forever changed when an anonymous individual that goes by the name of Satoshi Nakamoto introduced the public to a new level of currency the bitcoin. A bitcoin is a figure of speech of cybercurrency that cannot be traced to the person that purchases them. Through the introduction of the bitcoin, several other companies have released their nominate of cybercurr ency. These newer currencies range from the Litecoin to the Dogecoin. spell bitcoin has been the figurehead of the cyber-coin movement, there are several other noteworthy and more efficacious altcoins as they are referred to the ever normal Dogecoin for the online memer companionship, the Litecoin, a more efficient version of the Bitcoin, the Ripple, the Ethereum cryptocurrency, and daunt are all widely accepted cryptocurrencies that are taking the serviceman by storm. The Bitcoin was one of the first hits of cryptocurrency that gained notoriety. Bitcoins are not a form of tangible currency they are not joined to banks in whatever way, shape or form. There are no interaction fees and no way that a Bitcoin can be traced back to someone that purchases them. Merchants are beginning to accept bitcoins as a new method acting of payment, ranging from food, trips to the whisker salon, and even illegal products on the internetTo acquire a bitcoin, populate purchase them on a m ultitude of cryptocurrency exchange market websites. Transfers are relatively simple People can easily transfer their bitcoins among from all(prenominal) one other by using mobile apps or their computers. People are also capable of mining for bitcoins, where individuals solve complex math problems, which is how Bitcoins are made.However, Bitcoins are kind of shady If an everyday person was to invest in purchasing some Bitcoins, the only thing that protects their cryptocurrency is a Blockchain that you need to enable. This federal agency that virtually bothone that has hacking experience can take that persons Bitcoins if they do not take the necessary steps to protect them. Granted, the anonymity of Bitcoin effects and purchases make it somewhat limit, but anyone that solves the complex mathematical equations is probably able to hack into an unsuspecting persons account.1The Bitcoin is one, if not the most popular form of cryptocurrency. However, there are a vast majority of o ther altcoins that seem to be up-and-coming. Someday, these altcoins may end up battering the Bitcoin in terms of use. unity of these cryptocurrencies is known as the Dogecoin.The Dogecoin is a growing altcoin in at onces era of cryptocurrencies. The Dogecoin is a peer-to-peer digital currency, favored by Shiba Inus worldwide. It works very similarly to the Bitcoin however, it has the Doge internet meme as the face of the currency. This altcoin caters to the meming community of the internet, which is how it advertises to its patrons. To sell their altcoins, they advertise that people that use this form of currency are in a tight-knit community, which has a Reddit sub-thread they also develop that it is seamless to set up an account to transfer and computer memory Dogecoins. The creators of Dogecoin also create a video that explains the origin of this meme-ridden cryptocurrency in a 90 second video, which was incredibly hard to stomach, for a multitude of reasons (I lead be su re to provide the link for you somewhere figureer discretion is advised).This altcoin is for the people of the internet that everyone collectively hates on. However, the currency is efficient, fun, and very similar to the Bitcoin. Although they have a section on their website dedicated to t for each oneing patrons about the origin of doge, it is an ingenious selling point, as most memers just want to belong to something other than Reddit (Can you blame them? That community sucks).The Litecoin is another popular form of cryptocurrency. Introduced in 2011 by Charles Lee, it is very similar to the Bitcoin however, it is more practical in terms of security, and speeding of effect. The community of Litecoin also makes a point to stay united the Litecoin community has also created forums, subreddits, and other networks. Litecoin also has a tab on their website dedicated for resources to the community. The resources tab was intended to allow their community to better understand the Lit ecoin and other cryptocurrencies and how they compare. Litecoin also utilizes a better form of Blockchain, a service which is considered to be the greatest software platform for digital assets. Wallet encryption is also a feature included in the Litecoin cryptocurrency Litecoin requires that you provide a give-and-take for every transaction you encounter when utilizing the Litecoin. The password feature is useful, as it prevents thievery from hacker or people that utilize bots to do their dirty work and also makes sure that you are positive that you need to spend your Litecoins. With any cryptocurrency, users are also allowed to mine for Litecoins, as long as they fundamentally know rocket science. magical spell the Litecoin is still up-and-coming, it seems to be quite just. As of right now, it is the silver to Bitcoins gold.2 However, with more time and donations, the Litecoin could manage to surpass the success of the Bitcoin. It provides people with a significantly larger amou nt of coins in the economy, however, this could pose threats for inflation art object this may pose a threat in the long run, the use of Litecoins seems to be practical. Overall, Litecoin is a practical and cheaper alternative to invest in, because it is cheaper to purchase and it is safer to utilize due to the use of mandatory passwords.One of the more unparalleled forms of cybercurrency is the ripple. It is a form of cryptocurrency that works to connect of the economies togquintessence. The ripple works in tandem with banks. The reason the ripple works with banks is to transform how money is sent across the world, which they feel is a alert step in the advancement of economics, both international and nationally. Their company wad is to enable the Internet or Value to move value as fast as training travels across the internet.Traditionally, two banks would use a third bank as a middle-man to send money to each other. B including the ripple solution to this equation the third bank is eliminated from the process, resulting in a much more efficient system for transactions from bank to bank. The ripple solution also works to convey useful reading and messages to both banks. The ILP ledger that the ripple service is run through, works to unionise fund movements between institutions to settle the payment3.Overall, the ripple system seems to be a practical form of cryptocurrency for everyday use. While it is not perfect for the pesky dark web users that require anonymous currency, it is a much simpler way for foreign transactions to occur, or even people that do not use the same bank to make a transaction. This is also the optimum form of cryptocurrency when cut acrossing with foreign affairs because it is incredible secure there is complete transaction privacy for each pecuniary institution involved. Most banks do not operate on the same network, in particular those in different countries. With the Ripple solution, banks on separate networks can transac t directly. There is also an ability to connect traditional and emerging financial networks tog vinyl ether, which is immensely useful in the modernizing and integrating of international economics. other notable form of cryptocurrency is Ethereum. Ethereum was developed in Toronto, Canada by a nineteen-year-old programmer. Vitalik Buterin created Ethereum in 2011, after learning more about Bitcoins and other forms of cryptocurrency. He also created Bitcoin Magazine, an online intelligence information website about the cryptocurrency world.4Ethereum is one of the newer forms of cryptocurrencies on the market. The Ethereum invertebrate foot has a similar view as the Ripple Foundation. While bitcoin aims to disrupt PayPal and online banking, Ethereum has the coating of using a blockchain to replace internet third parties those that store data, transfer mortgages and keep cartroad of complex financial instruments5. In short, the Ethereum Foundations long-term goal is to be a sort o f world computer. Although the apps appear to be come-at-able, its unclear which blockchain applications will actually prove useful, secure, or scalable, and if they will ever be as convenient to use as the apps we use today 6The Ethereum Foundation uses a form of currency known as the ether. Ether are unique pieces of code that allow updates to the blockchains ledger.7 The process behind obtaining and holding ether is similar to most forms of cryptocurrencies. First, there are varying levels of security and risks that you can take in the method of fund for ether. The first method is a desktop wallet to storeether. This form of storage requires the user to download a sort of blockchain,known as the Ethereum client-a copy of the entire Ethereum blockchain. Thedesktop wallet will also need to stay updated with transaction records.8The next type of storage is possible through a mobile device, typically a cellphone. The app that caters to the vindicated users of Ethereum is incredibl yconvenient but equally as risky diminish users rely on miners and other peopleinvolved in The Ethereum Foundation to verify transactions and secure theirether. If the light users lose their private keys, they will not be able tocontact anyone to be able to attack their ether, nub they will ultimatelylose all of the money they put into their account.9The next form of storage is through hardware. These secure devices that canoften be detached from the internet, and can sign transactions without beingonline, meaning that although it is incredibly secure, this method can beincredibly irritating to deal with if the user is constantly out and about. Thelast form of storage a patron of the Ethereum Foundation can partake in ispaper currency. In this method, the user carefully writes the private key andcan securely store it in a deposit box or something similar.10While this is the most efficient way to utilize ether, it is also the mostdifficult method to secure and maintain. But how ca n users obtain ether? Ether can be purchased in person or on the internet from miners, or other users that desire to have their coun sieves recognized form of currency, or even other types of cryptocurrency. Unfortunately, if users are looking to purchase ether in person, it should be in a highly-populated area, such as New York City or Toronto in order to find someone that also uses ether in less populated areas, this is not necessarily an option.While Ethereum is a growing form of cryptocurrency. However, it is not considered to be one of the most secure or efficient. While it could develop to be something incredible, as of right now, the cryptocurrency advocates of the world deem it to be a little over-zealous. Ethereum is definitely on the right track to becoming one of the best forms of cryptocurrencies, but it has a lot of room for improvement. As of right now, J.P. Morgan Chase, Microsoft and Intel have all allied in order to make Ethereums goal easiera world computer.Dash i s another one of the most popular forms of cryptocurrency. Its name conveniently combines the word digital and cash together (which is super corking right? Names are al slipway so original when their used in business or history.). It was designed for the honest, hardworking nerds out there. These miners that participate in the mining of this cryptocurrency mine for their fair share of Dash coins. However, unique to the Dash coin system, you need special hardware and computers to mine for the coins.11 Another useful aspect of the Dash coin is that the transactions are allegedly instantaneous. This caters to people that value time. According to Dash coin, Bitcoin takes roughly an hour for the transaction to process.Whilethe Bitcoin is the most popular form of cryptocurrency, it is not the mostefficient or practical form of currency in a generalized sense. It is usefulfor a multitude of reasons anonymity, for the people that are ashamed withtheir dependency to My Little Pony collect ables, people that are too afraid to catch their drug dealers face-to-face, or those undercover cannibals that sodesperately want to try a new body part (Eww. Still cant wrap my head aroundthis one). However, funds of the patrons that utilize the Bitcoin as theirgo-to form of cryptocurrency run the risk of it being stolen by hackers. Dogecoinis a light and odd approach for the cryptocurrencies that are becoming awidely popular globular phenomenon. While at first it was a joke among the Redditcommunity, it grew into an ever-popular alternative cryptocurrency to theBitcoin. While it may not be the most practical form of cryptocurrency. It is avery useful alternative on the steady rise. In time, it may even be able topass the most popular cointhe Bitcoin.TheRipple Foundation really outdid themselves with their form of cryptocurrency.It is one of the most optimal forms of cryptocurrencies in order to simplifythe way people bank with each other. By making Ripple the middleman between t hebanks, it creates communication and eliminates any ways that banks thattransfer money between two banks would eliminate misconceptions or errors.Ethereumis the next most efficient cryptocurrency, although highly unlikely to fully beachieved within the next couple years. While several notable companies haveallied with the Ethereum in an effort to expand their company, they have a longway to go in order to achieve their goals to create a world computer.However, the most efficient form of cryptocurrency seems to be the Litecoin. While it is not worth as much as the Bitcoin, it uses faster transaction times. The Litecoin also has a very friendly website. That instantly allows you to access their forums and utile videos to better understand their cryptocurrency and other forms of cryptocurrencies, as well. It is also very secure, turn still being efficient. There are a multitude of ways to secure your currency, one of them being the useful password feature. Where Bitcoin makes it opt ional to secure your account, Litecoin makes it mandatory. Bibliographyn.d. Bitcoin. Accessed may12, 2017. https//bitcoin.org/en/.n.d. Blockchain. Accessed may 12,2017. https//www.blockchain.com/.n.d. Comparing Bitcoin to Litecoin.Accessed may 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/comparing-litecoin-bitcoin/.corporation, dogecoin. n.d. Dogecoin.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//dogecoin.com/.Foundation, Ripple. n.d. Ripple.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//ripple.com/.Hertig, Alyssa. n.d. How to useEthereum. Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/how-to-use-ethereum/.. n.d. What is Ethereum. AccessedMay 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-ethereum/.. n.d. Who Created Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/who-created-ethereum/.n.d. How Ethereum Works. AccessedMay 12, 2017. https//www.ethereum.org/.Networks, The Dash. n.d. Dash.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.dash.org.Tal Yellin, Dominic Aratari, JosePagliery / CNNMoney . n.d. What is Bitcoin? Accessed May 12, 2017.http//money.cnn.com/infographic/technology/what-is-bitcoin/.2017. What is a Bitcoin? May 12.http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-bitcoin/.n.d. What is the Best Cryptocurrencyto Invest in Long Term and why? Accessed May 12, 2017.https//www.quora.com/Whats-the-best-Cryptocurrency-to-invest-in-long-term-Why.n.d. What is the Litecoin?Accessed May 12, 2017. https//litecoin.org/.1 n.d. Bitcoin. Accessed May 12, 2017. https//bitcoin.org/en/.2 n.d. Comparing Bitcoin toLitecoin. Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/comparing-litecoin-bitcoin/.3 Foundation, Ripple. n.d. Ripple.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//ripple.com/.4 . n.d. Who Created Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/who-created-ethereum/.5 . n.d. What is Ethereum.Accessed May 12, 2017. http//www.coindesk.com/information/what-is-ethereum/.6 n.d. How Ethereum Works.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.ethereum.org/.7 ibid8 ibid9 Hertig, A lyssa. n.d. How to useEthereum. Accessed May 12, 2017.http//www.coindesk.com/information/how-to-use-ethereum/.10 ibid11 Networks, The Dash. n.d. Dash.Accessed May 12, 2017. https//www.dash.org.